In 2014, a classification was proposed of ways in which brands communicate their country of origin (COO). The current, exploratory study is the first to empirically investigate the frequency with ...which brands employ such COO markers in magazine advertisements. An analysis of about 750 ads from the British, Dutch, and Spanish editions of Cosmopolitan showed that the prototypical "made in" marker was rarely used, and that "COO embedded in company name" and "use of COO language" were most frequently employed. In all, 36% of the total number of ads contained at least one COO marker, underlining the importance of the COO construct.
We investigated the impact of a short intensive language course on attentional functions. We examined 33 participants of a one-week Scottish Gaelic course and compared them to 34 controls: 16 active ...controls who participated in courses of comparable duration and intensity but not involving foreign language learning and 18 passive controls who followed their usual routines. Participants completed auditory tests of attentional inhibition and switching. There was no difference between the groups in any measures at the beginning of the course. At the end of the course, a significant improvement in attention switching was observed in the language group (p < .001) but not the control group (p = .127), independent of the age of participants (18-78 years). Half of the language participants (n = 17) were retested nine months after their course. All those who practiced Gaelic 5 hours or more per week improved from their baseline performance. In contrast, those who practiced 4 hours or fewer showed an inconsistent pattern: some improved while others stayed the same or deteriorated. Our results suggest that even a short period of intensive language learning can modulate attentional functions and that all age groups can benefit from this effect. Moreover, these short-term effects can be maintained through continuous practice.
A recent study by Keysar, Hayakawa, and An (2012) suggests that “thinking in a foreign language” may reduce decision biases because a foreign language provides a greater emotional distance than a ...native tongue. The possibility of such “disembodied” cognition is of great interest for theories of affect and cognition and for many other areas of psychological theory and practice, from clinical and forensic psychology to marketing, but first this claim needs to be properly evaluated. The purpose of this review is to examine the findings of clinical, introspective, cognitive, psychophysiological, and neuroimaging studies of affective processing in bilingual speakers in order to identify converging patterns of results, to evaluate the claim about “disembodied cognition,” and to outline directions for future inquiry. The findings to date reveal two interrelated processing effects. First‐language (L1) advantage refers to increased automaticity of affective processing in the L1 and heightened electrodermal reactivity to L1 emotion‐laden words. Second‐language (L2) advantage refers to decreased automaticity of affective processing in the L2, which reduces interference effects and lowers electrodermal reactivity to negative emotional stimuli. The differences in L1 and L2 affective processing suggest that in some bilingual speakers, in particular late bilinguals and foreign language users, respective languages may be differentially embodied, with the later learned language processed semantically but not affectively. This difference accounts for the reduction of framing biases in L2 processing in the study by Keysar et al. (2012). The follow‐up discussion identifies the limits of the findings to date in terms of participant populations, levels of processing, and types of stimuli, puts forth alternative explanations of the documented effects, and articulates predictions to be tested in future research.
Une étude récente de Keysar, Kayakawa et An (2012) suggère que « penser dans une langue étrangère » peut réduire les erreurs de décision parce qu'une langue étrangère procure une plus grande distance émotionnelle qu'une langue maternelle. La possibilité qu'une telle cognition « désincarnée » soit possible est d'un grand intérêt pour les théories de l'affect et de la cognition ainsi que pour plusieurs autres domaines de la théorie et de la pratique en psychologie, que ce soit en clinique, en psychologie judiciaire ou en marketing, mais il faut d'abord que cette hypothèse soit convenablement évaluée. Le but de cette analyse est d'examiner les données des études cliniques, introspectives, cognitives, psychophysiologiques et neuropsychiques portant sur les processus affectifs des personnes bilingues afin d'identifier un modèle de convergence dans les résultats observés, d'évaluer l'hypothèse d'une « cognition désincarnée » et de fournir des pistes pour des recherches futures. Les résultats à ce jour révèlent l'existence de deux processus affectifs reliées entre eux. La langue première (L1) augmente l'automaticité du traitement affectif du L1 et élève la réaction électrodermale aux mots chargés émotionnellement. La langue seconde (L2) atténue l'automaticité du traitement affectif du L2, ce qui réduit les interférences affectives et diminue la réaction électrodermale aux stimuli émotionnels négatifs. Les différences dans le traitement affectif entre L1 et L2 suggèrent que chez certaines personnes bilingues, particulièrement chez les bilingues récents et les usagers des langues étrangères, chaque langage respectif puisse être structuré de façon différentielle, les dernières langues apprises étant traitées sémantiquement et non affectivement. Cette différence permet de rendre compte de la réduction des erreurs d'organisation lors du L2 dans l'étude de Keysar et al. (2012). Ensuite, la discussion dégage les limites des résultats obtenus jusqu'à maintenant quant aux populations étudiées, aux niveaux du traitement et aux types de stimuli. Enfin, elle propose une explication alternative des résultats observés et formule des prédictions qui pourront être testées dans une recherche ultérieure.
Un estudio reciente de Keysar, Hayakawa y An (2012) sugiere que ‘pensar en una lengua extranjera’ puede reducir sesgos en la decisión porque una lengua extranjera provee de una mayor distancia emocional que un idioma nativo. La posibilidad de tal cognición ‘desencarnada’ es de gran interés para las teorías del afecto y la cognición y para muchas otras áreas de la teoría y práctica psicológicas, desde la psicología clínica y forense hasta la mercadotecnia, pero primero se necesita evaluar esta afirmación apropiadamente. El propósito de esta revisión es examinar los hallazgos de estudios clínicos, introspectivos, cognitivos, psicofisiológicos y de neuroimagen acerca del procesamiento afectivo en hablantes bilingües a fin de identificar arreglos de resultados, arreglos que converjan entre sí, para evaluar la afirmación de ‘la cognición desencarnada’ y esbozar direcciones para la indagación futura. Los hallazgos a la fecha revelan dos efectos de procesamiento interrelacionados. La ventaja de la primera lengua (L1) se refiere a la automaticidad aumentada del procesamiento afectivo en la L1 y la elevada reactividad electrodérmica ante palabras de la L1 con contenido emocional. La ventaja de la segunda lengua (L2) se refiere a la automaticidad disminuida del procesamiento afectivo en la L2, la cual reduce los efectos de interferencia y aminora la reactividad electrodérmica ante estímulos emocionales negativos. Las diferencias en el procesamiento afectivo en la L1 y la L2 sugieren que en algunos hablantes bilingües, en particular bilingües tardíos y usuarios de una lengua extranjera, las lenguas respectivas pueden estar diferencialmente constituidas, es decir, la última lengua aprendida se procesa semánticamente pero no afectivamente. Esta diferencia explica la reducción de sesgos de encuadre en el procesamiento de la L2 en el estudio de Keysar et al. (2012). La discusión del seguimiento identifica los límites de los hallazgos a la fecha en términos de las poblaciones participantes, los niveles de procesamiento y los tipos de estímulos, manifiesta explicaciones alternativas de los efectos documentados y articula las predicciones que se ha de someter a prueba en investigaciones futuras.
English-Only Europe? explores the role of languages in the process of European integration. Languages are central to the development of an integrated Europe. The way in which the European Union deals ...with multilingualism has serious implications for both individual member countries and international relations. In this book, Robert Phillipson considers whether the contemporary expansion of English represents a serious threat to other European languages. After exploring the implications of current policies, Phillipson argues the case for more active language policies to safeguard a multilingual Europe. Drawing on examples of countries with explicit language policies such as Canada and South Africa, the book sets out Phillipson's vision of an inclusive language policy for Europe, and describes how it can be attained.
Homeostatic responses of animals to environmentally induced changes in nutrient requirements provide a powerful basis for predictive ecological models, and yet, such responses are virtually unstudied ...in the wild.
We tested for macronutrient‐specific compensatory feeding responses by free‐ranging golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) inhabiting high altitude temperate forests, where they experience a substantial difference in ambient temperature in cold winters vs. warmer springs. The monkeys had free access to natural foods throughout the year, and to ensure that any seasonal differences in nutrient intake were due to homeostatic compensation and not constraints on food availability, we studied the monkeys during periods in which they were provisioned with the same amount of supplementary foods in winter and spring.
Thermoregulatory energy costs in winter and spring were calculated using partitional calorimetric estimations of convective and radiative heat loss obtained from thermal imaging of free‐ranging monkeys in situ. Daily nutrient intakes were measured using continuous focal follows (average 6.9 hr/day) of free‐ranging individuals (27 days in spring and 28 days in winter).
We used a nutritional geometry framework to integrate these data and test three predictions: (a) In order to remain thermoneutral (balance heat loss with heat expenditure), golden snub‐nosed monkeys increase daily energy consumption during the winter compared to spring; (b) this increase is achieved specifically by increasing intake of the primary energetic nutrients, carbohydrate and lipid, relative to protein; and (c) the seasonal increase in ingested fat and carbohydrate calories will quantitatively match the additional thermoregulatory costs in winter compared with spring.
Our results showed that daily metabolisable energy intake in winter (721.5 kJ/mbm) was 1.8 times that in spring (399 kJ/mbm). As predicted, this difference was specific to fat and carbohydrate, whereas seasonal protein intake did not differ significantly. Winter consumption of fat and carbohydrate was 326 kJ/mbm per day greater than in spring, a value that closely matched the seasonal difference in the daily energetic costs of thermoregulation (329 kJ/mbm).
This is the first study to test for a match between nutrient‐specific homeostatic compensation and environmentally induced perturbations in nutrient requirements in free‐ranging animals and underpins the potential for the homeostasis framework to provide predictive power to ecological models.
Foreign Language
动物应对环境改变而寻求营养上平衡可以基于稳健的生态模型进行预测,然而这种预测在野外研究上却很少实现
秦岭金丝猴生活在高寒高海拔山区,其环境温度在冬春两季差异剧烈。于是,我们对一个自由活动的金丝猴种群进行常量营养成分摄入进行研究,来分析常量营养成分摄入应对环境变化的补偿性的应答机制。为了保证我们的研究结果是由于动物自我平衡所致,而非是环境资源限制所致,我们让金丝猴全年都在自然食物环境中采食,只有在冬季和春季开展研究时段,我们才给研究对象提供等质等量的人工食物补充
根据我们采集的热成像照片,我们测量动物体表不同部位的温度,并依据金丝猴不同姿态下体表暴露的部位比例,来计算身体热对流和辐射导致的热损失。我们平均每天连续跟踪6.9小时的目标个体,来计算其每日能量摄入。冬季跟踪28天,春季跟踪27天
我们用营养几何模型整合分析了以上数据,对3种预测结果进行验证:1.金丝猴为了保证其体温的稳定(也就是平衡热损失和热收益),将在冬季增加能量摄入;2.在三种基础常量营养成分中,金丝猴在冬季预期将增加碳水化合物和脂类养分的摄入,而保持蛋白质稳定;3. 金丝猴对碳水化合物和脂类两种常量养分的能量摄入在冬春两季的差值,预期将等于其在冬春两季体表热能量损失的差值
我们的研究结果显示,金丝猴冬季代谢能摄入(721.5千焦/公斤体重)是春季的(399千焦/公斤体重) 1.8倍。正如预期所示,金丝猴的冬春能量摄入变异主要来源于碳水化合物和脂类产生的能量差异,蛋白质能量摄入在两个季节保持稳定不变。金丝猴摄入的碳水化化合物和脂类能量在冬季比春季每天多326 千焦/公斤体重, 而这个值恰恰与它们的每天在冬春两季体表热能损失的差值329千焦/公斤体重极为接近
该研究首次验证了自由活动的野生动物在对环境干扰时,具有营养摄入的自我平衡能力。对于自我平衡理论体系而言,该研究成果充分证明该体系下的生态模型的确具有预测能力
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Plain Language Summary
This article describes an online language learning context in which teletandem sessions (Telles, 2009) have been integrated into the syllabus of a Modern Languages Degree Course at the Universidade ...Federal de Goiás (UFG), Brazil, as an internationalization at home action. In the second semester of 2021, the subject “Aprendizaje de Portugués y Español en Teletandem” was offered with the participation of ten Brazilian students who were majoring in Spanish at the UFG, nine Argentine students from different undergraduate courses from the Universidad de Cuyo, and one undergraduate student from the Universidad de Buenos Aires. In this virtual learning context, the Brazilians could teach Portuguese to the Argentinians and improve their fluency in Spanish through interactions with them. They also had to develop a project about a chosen theme and work on it, considering the Brazilian and Argentine contexts. The data for this case study (Johnson, 1992) was obtained through video recordings of the interviews of two pairs of students. The results show that the participants could learn an additional language, improve their intercultural skills, and talk about real-world problems in Brazil and Argentina, like the lack of water in some cities, the devaluation of women’s work, etc. The students’ reflections on these topics made them more socially aware of living in a more harmonious world where diversity is highly valued.
While the evidence for impoverished emotional reactions of bilinguals in their weaker second language (L2) accumulates, the underlying mechanisms of this effect remain poorly understood. Here, we ...investigate how unbalanced bilinguals' language-specific emotions vary depending on differences in language processing automaticity versus in language learning and use contexts. We analyzed behavioral emotional reactions in a hypothetical decision-making task with low emotional appeal, the Asian disease problem (Study 1) and pupil and valence responses to authentic narrative video advertising with high emotional appeal (Study 2). Both studies replicated the L2 emotion disadvantage. In decision-making, L2 reactions paralleled first language reactions under perceptual load. During the L2 narrative, the pupil dilated less because of reduced lexical access automaticity rather than in response to language-context factors. The findings suggest that bilinguals have language-independent emotional representations. Yet, they process emotional information conveyed in L2 less automatically, which triggers weaker emotional reactions.
Summary
Many animals experience periods of food shortage in their natural environment. It has been hypothesised that the metabolic responses of animals to naturally‐occurring periods of food ...deprivation may have long‐term negative impacts on their subsequent life‐history.
In particular, reductions in energy requirements in response to fasting may help preserve limited resources but potentially come at a cost of increased oxidative stress. However, little is known about this trade‐off since studies of energy metabolism are generally conducted separately from those of oxidative stress.
Using a novel approach that combines measurements of mitochondrial function with in vivo levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in brown trout (Salmo trutta), we show here that fasting induces energy savings in a highly metabolically active organ (the liver) but at the cost of a significant increase in H2O2, an important form of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
After a 2‐week period of fasting, brown trout reduced their whole‐liver mitochondrial respiratory capacities (state 3, state 4 and cytochrome c oxidase activity), mainly due to reductions in liver size (and hence the total mitochondrial content). This was compensated for at the level of the mitochondrion, with an increase in state 3 respiration combined with a decrease in state 4 respiration, suggesting a selective increase in the capacity to produce ATP without a concomitant increase in energy dissipated through proton leakage. However, the reduction in total hepatic metabolic capacity in fasted fish was associated with an almost two‐fold increase in in vivo mitochondrial H2O2 levels (as measured by the MitoB probe).
The resulting increase in mitochondrial ROS, and hence potential risk of oxidative damage, provides mechanistic insight into the trade‐off between the short‐term energetic benefits of reducing metabolism in response to fasting and the potential long‐term costs to subsequent life‐history traits.
Foreign Language Résumé
Les restrictions alimentaires sont courantes dans le milieu naturel et peuvent impacter de nombreux animaux. Il a été émis l'hypothèse que les animaux, face à ces épisodes de restriction alimentaire, mettaient en place des réponses métaboliques pouvant affecter leurs histoires de vie future.
En particulier, si une diminution des besoins énergétiques lors du jeûne peut contribuer à préserver les réserves de l'animal cela peut néanmoins entraîner une augmentation du stress oxydant. Ce type de compromis n'a toutefois pas encore été démontré car l'étude du métabolisme énergétique est généralement réalisée séparément de celle du stress oxydant.
Par une nouvelle approche combinant des mesures du fonctionnement mitochondrial et des niveaux in vivo de peroxyde d'hydrogène (H2O2) chez la truite commune (Salmo trutta), nous montrons ici que le jeûne entraîne une économie d'énergie dans un tissu métaboliquement très actif tel que le foie, mais au coût d'une augmentation significative en H2O2, une forme majeure des espèces réactives de l'oxygène.
Après deux semaines de jeûne, les truites communes ont réduit leurs capacités respiratoires mitochondriales (état 3, état 4 et l'activité de la cytochrome c oxydase) principalement du fait d'une réduction de la taille du foie (et donc du nombre total de mitochondries). Une compensation a été observée au niveau de la mitochondrie. Cela se traduit par une augmentation de la respiration en état 3 et une diminution concomitante de celle en état 4, suggérant une augmentation sélective des capacités de production de l'ATP sans augmentation parallèle de l'énergie dissipée par la fuite de protons. La diminution des capacités métaboliques du foie chez les poissons à jeun était associée in vivo à des niveaux quasiment doubles de H2O2 mitochondriaux (mesurés par la sonde MitoB).
Cette augmentation en espèces réactives de l'oxygène dans les mitochondries, avec son risque inhérent de dommages oxydatifs, apporte une vision mécanistique du compromis entre les bénéfices énergétiques à court terme d'une réduction métabolique en réponse au jeûne et les possibles coûts à long terme sur leurs traits histoires de vie futurs.
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Plain Language Summary
Abstract
With the popularization of Internet technology, network education has become an important tool in various industries, especially in English, Japanese and other language teaching. Through the ...network database, we can get rich and systematic Network Resources (hereinafter referred to as NR), which can help students learn Japanese better. With the modernization of education, Japanese teaching (hereinafter referred to as JT) in Colleges has been developing in a diversified direction, which will gradually adapt to the needs of the times. Japanese is a very difficult foreign language to learn, which requires us to carry out a variety of teaching. Through multimedia NR, we can give full play to the role of students’ learning subject. By stimulating students’ interest in learning, students can actively participate in Japanese learning and practice in the Japanese environment. Through the NR, students can get the learning resources they need, which will help students learn Japanese better. This paper analyzes the importance of NR in JT.
This is the first in-depth typological research into how the grammatical encoding of information source, that is, evidentiality, functions in Qiangic languages.
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