Data Acquisition Device (DAQ) is an electronic component used in formula student vehicles. To optimize the performance of the formula student vehicle and its driver, it is necessary to analyze and ...monitor the data acquisition system. Parameters acquired on the car include the position of the brake pedal/throttole and wheel speed.DAQ system has 5 input channels namely 3 analog input pins and 2 digital input pins, and 3 output channels, which is the controller pin, fault pin, and brake light pin. The DAQ system in this research is designed and made using Teensy 3.6, a signal conditioning circuit consisting of an RC low pass filter, voltage follower, non-inverting amplifier, and logic level shifter. DAQ system uses CANBUS to read and process sensor data. DAQ system can acquire data from the KTC Linear Motion Position sensor PZ-12-A-50P with an accuracy value of 99,91%; Hall-effect Rotary Position sensor RTY120LVNAX with an accuracy value of 99,94% for both the first and second sensors; and Proximity sensor LJ12A3-4-Z/BX with an accuracy value of 99,58% for the first sensor and 99,46% for the second sensor. DAQ is able to run controller signal processing, detect faults, and activate brake light signal according to FSAE rules.
The ways to reduce the number of wires suitable for the main control unit were considered. A block diagram of the algorithm of actions of the created special device is proposed, which allows ...minimizing the number of wires. The format of CAN-messages containing data from all polled sensors and an electrical circuit diagram is presented. A general view of the developed device is presented, which made it possible to reduce the number of signal wires running through the entire vehicle to two pieces.
The braking system is one of the most critical systems in the vehicle as it ensures drivers' safety. The brake master cylinder is the medium of pressurization that converts brake pedal force into ...brake pressure. The main objective of this paper is to design a swivelling brake master cylinder of the hydraulic braking system for a Formula Society Automotive Engineers (FSAE) vehicle that is best suited for cost-effective manufacturing. Due considerations are given to safety on maximum operating conditions of driver effort and friction coefficient, along with precision manufacturing to attain desired tolerances relative to its applications with seals. The design is based on its use in swiveling geometry for a compact assembly. Multiple simulations were performed to finalize the material and corresponding manufacturing techniques to make assembly efficient and cost-effective without compromising safety and reliability.
The proliferation of electric vehicle (EV) technology is an important step towards a more sustainable future. In the current work, two-layer feed-forward artificial neural-network-based machine ...learning is applied to design soft sensors to estimate the state of charge (SOC), state of energy (SOE), and power loss (PL) of a formula student electric vehicle (FSEV) battery-pack system. The proposed soft sensors were designed to predict the SOC, SOE, and PL of the EV battery pack on the basis of the input current profile. The input current profile was derived on the basis of the designed vehicle parameters, and formula Bharat track features and guidelines. All developed soft sensors were tested for mean squared error (MSE) and R-squared metrics of the dataset partitions; equations relating the derived and predicted outputs; error histograms of the training, validation, and testing datasets; training state indicators such as gradient, mu, and validation fails; validation performance over successive epochs; and predicted versus derived plots over one lap time. Moreover, the prediction accuracy of the proposed soft sensors was compared against linear or nonlinear regression models and parametric structure models used for system identification such as autoregressive with exogenous variables (ARX), autoregressive moving average with exogenous variables (ARMAX), output error (OE) and Box Jenkins (BJ). The testing dataset accuracy of the proposed FSEV SOC, SOE, PL soft sensors was 99.96%, 99.96%, and 99.99%, respectively. The proposed soft sensors attained higher prediction accuracy than that of the modelling structures mentioned above. FSEV results also indicated that the SOC and SOE dropped from 97% to 93.5% and 93.8%, respectively, during the running time of 118 s (one lap time). Thus, two-layer feed-forward neural-network-based soft sensors can be applied for the effective monitoring and prediction of SOC, SOE, and PL during the operation of EVs.
The Lookprabida formula student team uses an electronic throttle control (ETC) system in the racecar. Unfortunately, the ETC system cannot regulate the throttle valve to closely pursue angular ...setpoints. Thus, this paper endeavors to improve the response of the ETC system in racing cars. The ETC system is first examined using frequency response analysis. Parameter identification is carried out to obtain a mathematical model for the electronic throttle body. The Ziegler-Nichols’ second method is then applied to preliminarily select the proportional integral derivative (PID) gains using MATLAB/Simulink®. Then, the ETC system fine-tuning on the experimental set is carried out. The final PID controller design results in a reduction in the settling time from 0.35 to 0.20 s, overshoot from 29.6 to 19.33%, and steady-state error from 2.00 to 0.22%. The racecar with the finally designed PID gains is tested on a training track; the root mean square error (RMSE) shows that the throttle valve approaches much closer to angular setpoints.
In order to guarantee the performant operation of the braking system of a racing car under high load an optimized thermal design of the braking system is an important factor. Especially in ...motorsports, a lot of braking energy is converted into heat due to short and intense braking events. Therefore, a suitable cooling concept is a crucial point to ensure a reliable thermal management of the braking system to dissipate the generated heat. In this work, the braking system of the formula student racing car of the UAS Esslingen is analysed using the racing car of the season 2019. A transient 1D simulation model of the heat balance of the braking system is created. For the determination of the heat transfer coefficients a steady 3D Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) simulation model is set up. The logging data of a real race are used for the validation of the presented model (s). The heat balance of the braking system, its entire heat flows as well as the time-dependent temperature evaluation of the brake disc are analysed and compared. The results of this analysis are used to create a cooling concept for the racing car’s braking system, to ensure an optimized braking performance over the entire race. Several different (geometrical) variants of the thermal design of the braking system are investigated using the above mentioned numerical models and the results are presented. Furthermore, the implementation of a cooling duct for the braking system is studied.
Abstract The study concerns the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a prototype electric racing car, Formula Student, developed by students of the Poznan University of Technology under the name of eVarta. ...The main objective of this study is to identify critical environmental points and indicate key elements of the vehicle's life cycle, along with the impact of the assumptions made. In the first part of the work, a literature review and standard review are conducted to organise the information and methodological steps for the LCA components and their application in the subsequent stages of the study. The work focusses on defining the right assumptions, the process of data collection and its appropriate aggregation, as well as the creation of a functional structure for the object under study. SimaPRO software is used to perform the assessment. The results of the evaluation show the high importance of the vehicle transportation stage in the entire life cycle and the significant impact of the transport-related processes, mostly considering the fact that the eVarta is a concept racing car, used only in specific conditions of Formula Student races around the world. Most of the distances between races are covered using external transport means, and eVarta is used only for racing. The second main source of environmental impacts is related to the use of resources associated with the production of the high-voltage traction battery and the use of aluminium and related processes. eVarta is a custom concept race car, designed and built by the team of students from different faculties at Poznan University of Technology (Poland). As a prototype, eVarta demonstrates high levels of environmental burden related to the production of materials and techniques. The proportion of these impacts may be limited by using a 3D CAD model to improve the information flows regarding the production of all parts. Moreover, the reduction of the environmental impacts may be reached by: (a) enhancement of production of traction battery, (b) substitution of construction materials, and (c) improvements during use, e.g. implementation of energy recovery systems during braking. Graphical Abstract
For the application of an automated, driverless race car, we aim to assure high map and localization quality for successful driving on previously unknown, narrow race tracks. To achieve this goal, it ...is essential to choose an algorithm that fulfills the requirements in terms of accuracy, computational resources and run time. We propose both a filter-based and a smoothing-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm and evaluate them using real-world data collected by a Formula Student Driverless race car. The accuracy is measured by comparing the SLAM-generated map to a ground truth map which was acquired using high-precision Differential GPS (DGPS) measurements. The results of the evaluation show that both algorithms meet required time constraints thanks to a parallelized architecture, with GraphSLAM draining the computational resources much faster than Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) SLAM. However, the analysis of the maps generated by the algorithms shows that GraphSLAM outperforms EKF SLAM in terms of accuracy.
The current impact attenuator used by the Formula Student team of University of Lisbon is an out-of-shelf solution consisting in an aluminum honeycomb. The competition regulations defined for the ...impact attenuator's design allow room for innovation, which can be used to build more efficient structures and explore new materials. The main objective of this work is to design and optimize a composite impact attenuator lighter than the solution currently used by the team. Experimental results and numerical models presented in previous works are considered in the development of a new approach. Several design parameters are studied and their influence on the behavior of the impact attenuators are taken into account. Direct Multisearch (DMS) algorithm directly coupled to Abaqus software is used to perform the optimizations. The lighter solutions' mass is compared to the baseline aluminum structure's and detailed descriptions are presented for chosen optimal designs, which constitute an improvement regarding the baseline's mass.
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