John Tyler Bonner makes a new attack on an old problem: the question of how progressive increase in the size and complexity of animals and plants has occurred. "How is it, " he inquires, "that an egg ...turns into an elaborate adult? How is it that a bacterium, given many millions of years, could have evolved into an elephant?" The author argues that we can understand this progression in terms of natural selection, but that in order to do so we must consider the role of development--or more precisely the role of life cycles-- in evolutionary change. In a lively writing style that will be familiar to readers of his work The Evolution of Culture in Animals (Princeton, 1980), Bonner addresses a general audience interested in biology, as well as specialists in all areas of evolutionary biology. What is novel in the approach used here is the comparison of complexity inside the organism (especially cell differentiation) with the complexity outside (that is, within an ecological community). Matters of size at both these levels are closely related to complexity. The book shows how an understanding of the grand course of evolution can come from combining our knowledge of genetics, development, ecology, and even behavior.
The energy system of the European Union has suffered major changes in the recent years. High energy prices, increased energy security concerns and heavy reliance on gas, oil, and main combustibles ...coming from Russia have the three most important features of the EU energy sector in 2022. The European Commission has presented in the first part of 2022 the REPowerEU Plan which aims to implement measures to economise energy, generate clean energy, and diversify the origin of energy provisions and stocks. This program is supported by economic and legislative actions to shape the additional energy infrastructure and framework that Europe requires. This article focuses on the part related to the green energy transition of the REPowerEU, by investigating the perception of Romanian companies about favourably substituting fossil fuel to decrease emissions and reliance.This research examined the obstacles/challenges that have an impact on the adoption of renewable energy from the point of view of Romanian companies. An econometric model was conceived and it encompassed five variables that were analysed to see how they could impact the decision to accept and implement green energy in Romania. The article applied a quantitative study, with the primary data collected with a survey on managers in companies from five of the most energy intensive industries in Romania. The data was processed with the structural equation modelling (SEM) and the results revealed that market (economic), technological and administrative obstacles affect with a major impact the implementation of renewable energy technologies in Romania. Community (social) and organisational obstacles have been determined to influence with a medium effect on the deployment of renewable energy technologies in Romania. The outcomes of the article contribute to increasing awareness of the imperativeness of substituting fossil fuels by accelerating Romanias clean energy transition and considering the great potential the country has for making this switch.
Bu çalışmada, Yozgat ve Sorgun alanı arasındaki (Orta Anadolu) linyit içerikli Yoncalı formasyonu palinolojik
açıdan incelenmiştir. 37 adet yüzlek örneklerine dayalı olarak, sayısal palinolojik ...çalışmalar, palinolojik toplulukta
tanımlanan 64 cins ve 136 türün varlığına işaret etmektedir. Yozgat-Sorgun alanındaki palinolojik topluluk
Orta-?Geç Eosen yaşını belirtmektedir. Ayrıca bu makale, palinomorflara dayalı olarak, Orta Anadolu'nun,
Orta-?Üst Eosen kömür oluşumları için, sayısal paleovejetasyon ve paleoikliminin de yeniden kurulmasını
sunmaktadır. Polen taksalarının çeşitli floral ve ekolojik karakterleri, Orta Anadolu'daki Orta-?Üst Eosen
formasyonları, sıcak iklimsel koşulları yansıtan, Nypa, Pelliciera, Avicennia, Diporites iszkaszentgyörgyi ve
dinoflagellat kistlerin katkıları ile karmaşık bir mangrov bataklığının varlığı ile karakterize edilmektedir. Mangrov
zonun gerisinde, Restionaceae, Ephedraceae, Mauritia, Proxapertites (Araceae) ve Longapertites (Arecaceae)
polenleri ve ayrıca eğrelti sporu olan Acrostichum aureum mevcuttur. Alçakalan-ırmak kenarı ve dağ elemanları,
Myricaceae, Symplocaceae, Icacinaceae, Quercus, Pinus ve Castanea'nın baskınlığı ile karakterize edilmektedir.
Bataklık-tatlısu elemanları, Sparganiaceae, Nymphaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae ve Nyssa polenleri, ayrıca
Osmundaceae ve Gleicheniaceae gibi eğrelti sporları ile temsil edilmektedir.
Yozgat-Sorgun alanındaki palinoflorayı iklimsel olarak değerlendirmek için, sayısal hesaplamalar, 'Coexistence
Approach' yönteminin yardımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, 'Coexistence Approach' yönteminin
önceden yayınlanmış olan Orta Anadolu'daki, aynı yaştaki palinofloralara uygulanmasından elde edilen verilerle
karşılaştırılmıştır. İklimsel sonuçlar, paleoiklimsel koşulların megatermal zonda (yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 24.8-25
ºC), megatermal/mezotermal arazonda (yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 23.1-24.8 ºC, kıyı yakınında) ancak mezotermik
koşulların (yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 16.5-23.1 ºC) dağ bölgesinde hakim olduğunu göstermektedir. Benzer şekilde,
yıllık ortalama sıcaklıkların menzilleri, mangrov gelişimine olanak sağlayan, Hindistan Okyanus'unun etkisini
belirtmektedir
In this study, the lignite-bearing Yoncalı formation between Yozgat and Sorgun, in central Anatolia has been palynologically examined. Based on 37 outcrop samples, quantitative palynological studies recognized 64 genera and 136 palynoflora species in the palynological assemblage, which indicated a Middle-?Late Eocene age. This paper also presents a quantitative palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate reconstruction for the Middle-?Upper Eocene coal occurrences of Central Anatolia on the basis of palynomorph assemblages. The diversified floral and ecological characteristics of the pollen taxa indicates that the Middle-?Upper Eocene formations in central Anatolia were characterized by the presence of a complex mangrove swamp with contributions by Nypa, Pelliciera, Avicennia, Diporites iszkaszentgyörgyi and dinoflagellate cysts which reflect warm climatic conditions. Behind the mangrove zone, pollen of Restionaceae, Ephedraceae, Mauritia, Proxapertites (Araceae) and Longapertites (Arecaceae) as well as the fern Acrostichum aureum occur. Lowland-riparian and montane elements are characterized by the dominance of Myricaceae, Symplocaceae, Icacinaceae, Quercus, Pinus and Castanea. Swamp-freshwater elements are represented by Sparganiaceae, Nymphaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Nyssa as well as fern spores such as Osmundaceae and Gleicheniaceae. The calculations were performed with the help of the `Coexistence Approach´ method to climatically evaluate palynoflora from the Yozgat-Sorgun area. The obtained results have been compared to data derived from the application of the Coexistence Approach to other, already published Central Anatolian palynofloras of the same age. The results of the climatic inferences suggest that the palaeoclimatic conditions were in the megathermal zone (mean annual temperature of 24.8-25 ºC), megatherm/mesotherm intermediate zone (mean annual temperature of 23.1-24.8 ºC near the coast) whereas mesothermic (mean annual temperature of 16.5-23.1 ºC) conditions prevailed in the montane region. Likewise, the results of mean annual range of temperatures indicate the influence of the Indian ocean, which enabled the development of the mangroves.
Çorum bölgesi ve Sivas Havzası'nın Neojen yaşlı kömür içerikli tortullarının, palinostratigrafisi belirlenmiş ve
üç sporomorf topluluğu tanımlanmıştır. Sporomorf topluluğu A, Samsun-Havza bölgesinde ...tanımlanmıştır ve en
geç Burdigaliyen yaşlıdır. Sporomorf topluluğu B, Çorum bölgesi ve Sivas Havzası'ndan tanımlanmıştır ve
erken-orta Serravaliyen yaşlıdır. Sporomorf topluluğu C, Sivas-Vasıltepe bölgesinden tanımlanmıştır ve en erken
Tortoniyen yaşlıdır. Sporomorf topluluğu A, ılık subtropikal iklim koşullarını yansıtmaktadır ve 'Coexistance
Approach' analizi (CA) sonuçları sırasıyla; yıllık ortalama sıcaklık (YOS) 19 °C, en soğuk ayın sıcaklığı 9.75 °C
(ESoA), en sıcak ayın sıcaklığı 27.2 °C (ESA), yıllık ortalama yağış miktarı 1217-1322 mm (YOY) ve yıllık ortalama
sıcaklık amplitüdü (YSA) 17.45 °C dir. Sporomorf topluluğu B, subtropikal iklim koşullarını karakterize eder ve bu
sporomorf topluluğa ait CA sonuçları, en geç Burdigaliyen dönemine ait CA sonuçlarıyla benzerdir. Erken-orta
Serravaliyen dönemi için, YOS değerleri 18-19.15 °C arasında değişmektedir. Sırasıyla ESoA değerleri (-0.8)-10.6
°C arasında ve ESA değerleri 24.7-27.7 °C dir. Genellikle en geç Burdigaliyen ve erken-orta Serravaliyen dönemine
ait YOY değerleri yüksektir. Erken-orta Serravaliyen döneminde, YSA değerleri paleovejetasyon ve
palaeotopoğrafyaya bağlı olarak değişmektedir ve bu dönem boyunca, Çorum bölgesine ait örneklerin YSA
değerlerindeki artış, yüksek palaeotopografik koşuları gösterir. Sporomorf topluluğu C, ılıman iklim koşullarını
yansıtmaktadır ve CA sonuçları sırasıyla YOS 19 °C, ESoA 9.4 °C, ESA 27.7 °C, YOY 1187-1574 mm ve YSA 18.3
°C'dir. Erken-orta Serravaliyen döneminde Çorum bölgesi ve Sivas Havzası'nın paleovejetasyonu, dağlar ile çevrili
gölsel ortamı karakterize eder. En geç Erken ve Orta Miyosen periyodundaki palaeovejetasyondan farklı olarak, en
erken Tortoniyen döneminde açık alanlar daha geniş alanda yayılım göstermektedir.
Palynostratigraphy of the Neogene coal-bearing sediments in the Çorum region and Sivas Basin has been determined, and three sporomorph associations have been defined. Sporomorph association A is described from the Samsun-Havza region and is of latest Burdigalian age. Sporomorph association B is described from the Çorum region and Sivas Basin and is of early-middle Serravalian age. Sporomorph association C is described from the Sivas-Vasıltepe region and is of earliest Tortonian age. Sporomorph association A indicates warm subtropical climatic conditions and the Coexistence Approach (CA) results are: mean annual temperature (MAT) 19 °C, mean annual coldest month (CMT) 9.75 °C, mean annual warmest month (WMT) 27.2 °C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) 1217-1322 mm, and a mean annual temperature range of (MART) 17.45 °C. Sporomorph association B characterizes a subtropical climatic condition, and the CA results indicate similar temperatures to those of the latest Burdigalian period. For the early-middle Serravalian age, the MAT values range between 18 and 19.15 °C, the CMT values are between (-0.8)-10.6 °C, and the WMT between 24.7-27.7 °C, respectively. Generally the MAPs of the latest Burdigalian and early-middle Serravalian times are high. The range of the MART values relate to the palaeovegetation and palaeotopography during early-middle Serravalian time, during which increases of the MART values from the Çorum region indicate high palaeotopographic conditions. Sporomorph association C indicates a warm-temperate climate and the CA results are: MAT 19 °C, CMT 9.4 °C, WMT 27.7 °C, MAP 1187-1574 mm, and MART 18.3 °C. Palaeovegetation of the Çorum region and Sivas Basin characterizes a lacustrine environment surrounded by mountains from the latest Early to Middle Miocene. Open vegetation areas were widespread in earliest Tortonian time, and thus different from the palaeovegetation of the latest Early to Middle Miocene period.
Tijekom duge geološke prošlosti mijenjali su se uvjeti života na našem planetu. Mnoge vrste u potpunosti su izumrle, a neke nove su nastale. Često postavljamo pitanja: kako, zašto, na koji način, ...kako to znamo i slično. Upravo je i to slučaj s pronalascima fosilnih ostataka velikih pleistocenskih životinja na području Podravine, odnosno uz rijeku Dravu i nekoliko šljunčara. Danas je paleontologija, nažalost, jedna arhaična znanstvena disciplina koja počiva na principima aktualizma, no da je to još uvijek »živa« disciplina s nepresušnim novim znanstvenim spoznajama, dokazuju nam fosili kao što su vunasti i stepski mamut, pragovedo, veliki los i jelen, stepski bizon i drugi. Sve te izumrle vrste često nas podsjećaju na razne filmove za djecu, ali prizori s takvim životinjama zaista su postojali baš na podravskoj ravnici prije više od 125 000 godina. Zahvaljujući ljudima koji njeguju kulturnu i prirodnu baštinu podravskog kraja, a u sinergiji s kulturnim institucijama, možemo biti sigurni da će prirodna baština jednoga kraja zasigurno ostati u nasljeđe onima koji dolaze.
The monograph Drobci ledenodobnega okolja (“Fragments of Ice Age environments”) presents a compilation of seventeen chapters in which experts from different scientific fields discuss specific topics ...related to the Ice Age in Europe. Ten of them are devoted to the presentation, analysis and interpretation of palaeontological data concerning various large mammal species ranging from mastodon and mammoth to the cave hyena, ibex, cave lion and bears, with the emphasis being placed on the cave bear. Several chapters address the topic of Last Glacial climatic conditions in the Southeastern Alps by studying fossil micromammal and palaeobotanical remains as well as geoarchaeologiocal data. A special article is devoted to a comprehensive review of previous analysis of the bone flute from Divje babe I, but includes also new musicological research findings on the extraordinary technical capabilities of this oldest musical instrument. The concluding chapter presents a study of old manuscripts and printed sources, providing some interesting insights into the discovery of one of the most significant palaeontological sites in Slovenia - the cave of Mokriška jama.The monograph is dedicated to the anniversary of the prominent researcher of the Slovenian Palaeolithic - Ivan Turk. His work, main achievements and selected bibliography are briefly presented in the introductory chapter.
This brochure was published for the 50th anniversary of the Institute of Paleontology and contains three contributions. The first and the second contribution describe two paleontological sites (of ...Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs and Upper Jurassic corals, respectively), that were visited during a field-trip organized on this occasion. The third contribution is a brief history of the institute.
Spoznaja da su u dalekoj prošlosti postojala duga ledena doba proširena je u javnosti zahvaljujući animiranim filmovima, no malo tko zna da su Podravinom šetala krda vunastih i stepskih mamuta, ...vunastih nosoroga, pragoveda, stepskih bizona i dr. Zahvaljujući ponajviše privatnim kolekcionarima, Josipu Cugovčanu i Ivanu Zvijercu, struka, ali i šira javnost po prvi puta su imali priliku vidjeti kao jednu cjelinu fosilne ostatke stare preko 500.000 godina, a koji su sakupljeni uz rijeku Dravu i u privatnim šljunčarama, u sklopu izložbe »Fosilna bogatstva Hrvatskog zagorja i Podravine« u Muzeju krapinskih neandertalaca. Radi se o impozantnim ostacima vunastog mamuta (zubi, kljova, rebra, kosti nogu), zubima stepskog mamuta, lubanjama pragoveda i vunastog nosoroga te rogovima europskog jelena, stepskog bizona, golemom jelena i dr. Pronađeni i stručno obrađeni fosili ne daju točne i precizne stratigrafske podatke s obzirom da se radi o pretaloženim ostacima, no zasigurno pridonose boljem razumijevanju geološke prošlosti Podravine i podizanju razine svijesti o važnosti i očuvanju prirodne baštine.
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