Purpose: technical support for drip irrigation of the inter-row root-inhabited soil space in fruit garden plantations. Materials and methods. The object of the study was the irrigation network of ...perennial tree-fruit orchard plantations. During the research, analysis and variant comparison were carried out, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the structures under consideration. When improving the design of the drip irrigation facility, the methods of exploratory design were used. Results. During the research, the experience of operating the drip irrigation systems of perennial orchards was generalized and the basic requirements for the drip irrigation network in perennial orchards were formed. As an object for further research, partially satisfying these requirements, a constructive diagram of a drip irrigation facility for moistening the soil in the inter-row root-inhabited soil space of tree-fruit orchard plantations, given in RU Patent no. 2713136, was adopted. The disadvantage of this design of a drip irrigation facility is low reliability of the elastic coupling, which should be deformed when the position of the drip console changes, have the necessary rigidity to lift the drip console from the working position to the idle position, and be a sealed conduit connecting the drip console and the tee. As a result of the research, an improved design of the irrigation structure has been proposed, which does not include deformable elements. Conclusions. The proposed design scheme of a drip irrigation facility for perennial fruit plantations meets the requirements of manufacturability, has the ability to automatically operate in the irrigation mode and in the inter-irrigation period, and provides irrigation water supply to certain points of the location of the developed root system of perennial plants, including the inter-row root-inhabited soil space.
Astiani D, Ripin. 2016. The roles of community fruit garden (tembawang) on maintaining forest structure, diversity and standing biomass allocation: an alternative effort on reducing carbon emission. ...Biodiversitas 17: 359-365. Fruit garden (tembawang) Cempedak Village in Sanggau West Kalimantan has been established by local community for their family mixed garden ~ >100 years. The families of 3rd generation were utilizing the tembawang for their needs of building materials, fire woods, rattan, vegetables, fruits, and traditionals medicine. It is important to study how this tembawang play their roles in maintaing forest structure, species diversity and stocking biomass. In 2014, we studied this area for exploring the vegetation composition and their ability to stock biomass of the tembawang. Stratified Random Sampling was applied to the 6.69 ha tembawang area, which devided into three major land cover patches (Mixed fruit garden, mixed rubber plants, and fruit garden mixed with apik-Arenga undulatifolia Becc palm). We surveyed and sampled vegetation using transect methods purposively chosen on each landcover patch, with sampling area consecutively for mixed fruit garden, mixed rubber plants, and mixed of fruit garden and apik were 1.52, 0.6, and 0.72 hectars. Results demonstrated that mixed fruit garden carried out higher tree diversity, density, basal area, and maintained the largest above ground biomass per hectar compared to the two other patches. From 97 vegetation spesies registered, it maintained 49 tree species of diameter >20cm and 51 tree species in the lower strature in the forest structure. Interestingly, Durio zibethinus Murr. was a dominant species on all landcover patches types and sinked the largest above ground living biomass. The choice of fruit species on tembawang determined the capability of the embawang land to sequester and stock carbon in trees, because the trees were standing in tembawang for longer time compared to the one in production forest. This results show that, beside its multiple role for people community, tembawang provide other benefits to the nature in maintaining forest structure, diversity, and stocking large carbon in standing biomass.
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Matius P, Tjwa SJM, Raharja M, Sapruddin, Noor S, Ruslim Y. 2018. Plant diversity in traditional fruit gardens (munaans) of Benuaq and Tunjung Dayaks tribes of West Kutai, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. ...Biodiversitas 19: 1280-1288. Munaans are traditional fruit gardens of the Benuaq and Tunjung Dayaks tribes of West Kutai, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research was conducted in Mencimai, a Benuaq Dayak’s village and Sekolaq Darat, a Tunjung Dayak’ village. A 1.0 ha plot of old munaan lou (lembo lamin) in Mencimai Village was used as representative study site for Benuaq ethnic traditional fruit garden and 1.0 ha plot of old munaan luuq (lembo lamin) in Sekolaq Darat Village as the study site representing Tunjung ethnic fruit gardens. Index of diversity was calculated by using Shannon-Wiener (H') formulae and evenness by using Pielou. Species richness in munaan lou of Mencimai was 174 and munaan luuq of Sekolaq Darat was 165, which consisted of trees and understorey plants such as tree saplings, seedlings, shrubs, herbs, bamboos, lianas, and rattans. Diversity indices (H’) for all stage of plants within both munaan lou of Mencimai and munaan luuq of Sekolaq Darat were 4.45 and 4.21 with the evenness (E) were 0.86 and 0.82 respectively. The common species of fruit trees found in munaan lou of Mencimai were Lansium domesticum, Durio zibethinus, Nephelium sp., Artocarpus integer, Nephelium lappaceum, Baccaurea macrocarpa, and Baccaurea edulis. Meanwhile, D. zibethinus, L. domesticum, Artocarpus anisophyllus, A. integer, Nephelium uncinatum, and B. macrocarpa were the common fruit species in munaan luuq of Sekolaq Darat. The munaans serve many functions in the local context, and the local communities mainly use them as sources of fruits, wood, medicinal plants, tools, and legality of land tenure.
This research is quantitative and qualitative explorative research. The purposes of this research was 1) to study bird species, feeding behavior, abundance and status in study area 2) to study ...activities in utilization of birds in the study site. The data was obtained by interviewing the owners of fruit gardens and field surveys of bird species, activities of birds in habitat utilization in three kinds of organic fruit gardens namely; lychee garden, coconut garden, and pomelo garden in Bang Nang Li Sub-district, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province from October 2012 – September 2013. The result of bird survey in 3 gardens found 31 families and 61 species of birds. 52 bird species were found the most in organic pomelo gardens. In feeding habitats, insectivorous, piscivorous, granivorous, nectrivorous birds and aquatic invertebrate feeding birds were found. Abundance level of birds in organic fruit gardens was at level 5. 23 bird species were frequently found. 43 bird species were found in November because migratory birds came to utilize the study site. According to the status of bird species, 48 resident bird species, 6 resident and 7 migrant bird species were found in o
Data of large-scale soil surveys performed by the Ukrgiprosad Institute (Ukrainian Institute for Orchard Growing) in 1997–2013 on irrigated soils of steppe Crimea reserved for orchards on the area of ...about 3000 ha are discussed. It is shown that all the studied soils are subjected to alkalization with the presence of soda and with an increase in concentrations of sodium and magnesium bicarbonates up to the values toxic for fruit crops. The concentrations and occurrence frequencies of alkaline salts depend on the soil type, the presence of solonetzic features, the amount of carbonates, the particular depth in the soil profile, the subsoiling, and other factors. Within the studied area, some soils are unsuitable or partly suitable for orchard growing. To improve the soil conditions for orchard growing in the areas subjected to alkalization, alkaline salts should be neutralized to nontoxic level, and the soil alkalinity should be reduced using chemical reclamation methods.
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