This article is a review of the Self-determination theory (SDT) of Motivation. The theory identifies motivation as a continuum ranging from amotivation to extrinsic motivation and finally to ...intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Intrinsic motivation, thought of as the highest form of motivation satisfying the innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. These psychological needs are given as a prototype of self-determined behavior and activity. The theory suggests that extrinsic motivated behaviors can vary in the extent to which they represent Self-determination, ranging from the lowest type of external regulation motivation to the highest type of integrated motivation. In this review I wish to present the SDT theory of motivation and to argue that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation must be reconsidered. Although I acknowledge the positive effects of intrinsic motivation I urge educators and researchers to consider the benefits of extrinsic motivation. I critically examine the evidence for and against the model, discuss its limitations, and identify critical gaps for future research.
Because of the drastic changes in China’s birth policies, it is anticipated that the middle-aged and the elderly would view the policy of ‘one household, two children’ differently. As such, this ...study seeks to identify such a difference between the middle-aged and the elderly. There were 320 sets of data for the elderly generation and 305 for the middle-aged generation used for the final analysis. The study shows that, unlike the elderly generation, the middle-aged group has a negative perception towards the ‘one household, two children’ policy. Second, for the elderly generation of China, there was a significant difference in their perception towards the ‘one household, two children’ policy and ‘preferred gender of children’ depending on what the gender of the respondent’s child was. The elderly with only daughters had a rather negative perception towards the policy, and their preferred gender for children was also ‘sons’. Third, middle aged people with daughters had a more positive perception towards the policy
This book offers a synthesis of social science and evolutionary approaches to the study of intergenerational relations, using biological, psychological and sociological factors to develop a single ...framework for understanding why kin help one another across generations. With attention to both biological family relations as well as in-law and step-relations, it provides an overview of existing studies centred on intergenerational relations – particularly grandparenting – that incorporate social science and evolutionary family theories. This evolutionary social science approach to intergenerational family relations goes well beyond the traditional nature versus nurture distinction. As such, it will appeal to scholars across a range of disciplines with interests in relations of kinship, the lifecourse and the sociology of the family.
This research note reviews theories of religious switching and polarization and presents data from national studies to trace how the determinants of religious switching have played out in the lives ...of US Jews. The growing shares of the most religious and the most secular segments, particularly among the young, explain the hollowing of the middle, and the shifts in the denominational landscape of American Jewry. Utilizing primarily Pew Research Center’s 2013 and Pew Research Center’s 2020 surveys, this note explores the consequences of religious polarization on cohesion among US Jews broadly and with respect to Israel specifically.
The number of surgeons is decreasing in Japan. We investigated the trend and factors influencing surgeons’ selection of and retention in surgical specialty. In 2016, we obtained data of biennial ...surveys conducted by the government, and analyzed the annual data of doctors up to the latest available survey at that time (survey, 1994-2014; medical license acquisition, 1993-2014). The rate of selecting surgery by male and female doctors during early career (first three surveys after acquiring medical license) decreased from 28.1% in 1994 to 21.3% in 2010 (first to nineth survey). Female surgeons increased from 7.8% in 1993 to 12.4% in 2003, but decreased from 12.5% in 2006 to 10.7% in 2010. Total number of surgeons declined throughout the period. In females, the rate of selecting surgery tended to increase at the beginning of the new training system in 2004, but declined slightly thereafter. The retention rate in those who selected surgery at least once by the third survey (1998) after acquiring medical license in 1993 showed a downward trend. The retention rate in females declined continuously to 48.4% in 2002, stabilized thereafter, and then increased from 47.6% in 2006 to 50.8% in 2014. The retention rate after 10 years (1993-2003) was almost stable (72.4%) in males, but increased to 57.5% in females, and the gender difference tended to decrease. Younger doctors tend to value their private life, and may not choose or continue to practice surgery unless working conditions in surgery improve and income is commensurate with their work.
Compelling evidence supporting the benefits of social engagement in older adults has been increasingly discussed. However, knowledge regarding an intergenerational program is limited. Herein, we ...provide a targeted review of intergenerational programs by focusing on our novel interventional program, Research on Productivity through Intergenerational Sympathy. The Research on Productivity through Intergenerational Sympathy program is an intergenerational picture-book reading program launched in 2004. Participants were involved a 3-month intensive weekly training seminar comprising classes about book selection, reading techniques and basic knowledge of children's school life. Subsequently, they participated in group activities that involved playing a hand game, and reading picture books to children at kindergartens, elementary schools and public childcare centers, once every 1-2 weeks. The Research on Productivity through Intergenerational Sympathy program has shown improvement of physical and psychological functioning of older adults and healthy upbringing of children. Similarly, Experience Corps - designed to train and place volunteers in participating elementary schools for an academic year during which time they assist teachers - also showed positive effects for older adults' health status and the psychological/academic success of young children in the USA. Health promotion efforts for older adults must support social policy for the creation of meaningful service programs for older adults on a large social scale. As such, an intergenerational program based on the concept of social capital, defined as "features of social organization, such as trust, norms and networks, that can improve the efficacy of society by facilitating coordinated actions," is an effective and sustainable program for health promotion among older adults.
(analítico)En los últimos años, la violencia de género se ha instalado en la agenda pública mexicana. Este artículo analiza el activismo feminista onlife que desarrollaron colectivas estudiantiles ...del Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, entre 2018 y 2020. Se realizó un análisis temático sobre páginas de Facebook, comunicados estudiantiles y de autoridades universitarias, notas periodísticas y observaciones participantes. Entrelos hallazgos se destacan tres modalidades de acción: la creación de perfiles en redes sociodigitales, la realización de tendederos de denuncia y la toma estudiantil de los planteles. Se concluye que, en el marco de cambios de la configuración emotiva en el trato intergéneros, la violencia contra las mujeres por motivos de género adquiere una visibilidad preponderante y se erige en foco de conflicto dentro de las instituciones educativas.
Palabras clave: Estudiantes, universidad, internet, brecha generacional.
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