Malaria represents the greatest global health burden among all parasitic diseases, with drug resistance representing the primary obstacle to control efforts. Sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) exhibits ...antimalarial activity against the Plasmodium yoelii yoelii (Pyy), yet its precise antimalarial mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to assess the antimalarial potential of NaVO3, evaluate its genotoxicity, and determine the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in Pyy. CD-1 mice were infected and divided into two groups: one treated orally with NaVO3 (10 mg/kg/day for 4 days) and the other untreated. A 50% decrease in parasitemia was observed in treated mice. All experimental days demonstrated DNA damage in exposed parasites, along with an increase in ROS and RNS on the fifth day, suggesting a possible parasitostatic effect. The results indicate that DNA is a target of NaVO3, but further studies are necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying its antimalarial activity.
•NaVO3 at dose of 10 mg/kg reduces parasitemia in mice treated for 4 days.•One of the mechanisms of action of NaVO3 in Pyy is the increase of ROS and RNS.•One of the molecular targets of NaVO3 is Pyy's DNA.
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in different technologies but their unique properties might also cause adverse health effects. In reviewing recent in vitro and in vivo ...genotoxicity studies we discuss potential mechanisms of genotoxicity induced by NPs. Various factors that may influence genotoxic response, including physico-chemical properties and experimental conditions, are highlighted. From 4346 articles on NP toxicity, 112 describe genotoxicity studies (94 in vitro, 22 in vivo). The most used assays are the comet assay (58 in vitro, 9 in vivo), the micronucleus assay (31 in vitro, 14 in vivo), the chromosome aberrations test (10 in vitro, 1 in vivo) and the bacterial reverse mutation assay (13 studies). We describe advantages and potential problems with different methods and suggest the need for appropriate methodologies to be used for investigation of genotoxic effects of NPs, in vitro and in vivo.
New mixtures of pesticides are being placed on the market to increase the spectrum of phytosanitary action. Thus, the eco(geno)toxic effects of the new commercial mixture named Platinum Neo, as well ...as its constituents the neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam and the pyrethroid Lambda-Cyhalothrin, were investigated using the species Daphnia magna, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Danio rerio, and Allium cepa L. The lowest- and no-observed effect concentration (LOEC and NOEC) were measured in ecotoxicological tests. While Thiamethoxam was ecotoxic at ppm level, Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Platinum Neo formulation were ecotoxic at ppb level. The mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus MN frequency were measured as indicators of phytogenotoxicity in A. cepa plants exposed for 12 h to the different insecticides and their mixture under different dilutions. There were significant alterations in the MI and MN frequency in comparison with the A. cepa negative control group, with Thiamethoxam, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, and Platinum Neo treatments all significantly reducing MI and increasing MN frequency. Thus, MI reduction was found at 13.7 mg L−1 for Thiamethoxam, 0.8 μg L−1 for Lambda-Cyahalothrin, and 2.7:2 μg L−1 for Platinum Neo, while MN induction was not observed at 14 mg L−1 for Thiamethoxam, 0.8 μg L−1 for Lambda-Cyahalothrin, and 1.4:1 μg L−1 for Platinum Neo. The insecticide eco(geno)toxicity hierarchy was Platinun Neo > Lambda-Cyhalothrin > Thiamethoxam, and the organism sensitivity hierarchy was daphnids > fish > algae > A. cepa. Eco(geno)toxicity studies of new pesticide mixtures can be useful for management, risk assessment, and avoiding impacts of these products on living beings.
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•The eco(geno)toxicity of the new insecticide mixture Platinum Neo was studied.•Platinum Neo is a combination of a neonicotinoid and a pyrethroid compounds.•The NOEC of Thiamethoxam for genotoxicity endpoint was 14 mg L−1•The NOEC of Lambda-Cyhalothrin for genotoxicity endpoint was 0.8 μg L−1•The eco(geno)toxicity hierarchy was Platinun Neo > λ-Cyhalothrin > Thiamethoxam.
Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae), known as Brazilian pepper tree, stands out as a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine. The leaves are popularly used as anti-inflammatory ...agent and to relieve inflammatory conditions such as bronchitis, ulcers, and wounds, for example.
The present study evaluated the acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity of S. terebinthifolia leaf lectin (SteLL) in mice (Mus musculus).
In the acute toxicity assay, the animals were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally (per os) with a single dose of 100 mg/kg. Genotoxicity was assessed by the comet and micronucleus assays. Carrageenan-induced peritonitis and paw edema models were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of SteLL (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.).
No animal died and no signs of intoxication or histopathological damage were observed in the acute toxicity assay. Genotoxic effect was not detected. In peritonitis assay, SteLL reduced in 56–69% leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity; neutrophil count decreased by 25–32%, while mononuclear cell count increased by 67–74%. SteLL promoted a notable reduction of paw edema after 4 h (61.1–63.4%). Morphometric analysis showed that SteLL also decreased the thickness of epidermal edema (30.2–40.7%). Furthermore, SteLL decreased MPO activity, plasma leakage, NO release, and modulated cytokines in both peritoneal fluid and paw homogenate.
SteLL did not induce acute toxicity or genotoxicity in mice and stands out as a promising candidate in the development of new phytopharmaceuticals with anti-inflammatory action.
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The Vanilla genus is crucial for global production in food, perfume, and pharmaceutical industries. However, exploitation threatens some species, leading to extinction. Traditional communities use ...vanilla for medicinal purposes, and there are species like Vanilla chamissonis Klotzsch and Vanilla bahiana Hoehne with potential to occupy the market. For this, methanolic extraction of these two mentioned species was conducted alongside Vanilla planifolia. Analyzes of the cell viability, mutagenic and genotoxic potential were performed. In the Ames test, the assays were performed with concentrations from 0.5 and 5000μg/ml and on five strains. Only Vanilla planifolia exhibited mutagenicity at the highest concentration in the TA98 strain. Viability tests were performed within a dose range of 0.05 to 5000µg/ml and 24, 48, and 72-hour exposures. It was possible to observe a reduction in cell viability observed only at the highest concentration, for all three species and both cell types tested. Genotoxicity induction by the extracts was assessed at concentrations from 0.5 to 500µg/ml through the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. No genotoxic damage or reduction in the Nucleus Division Index (NDI). The study found no mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, or genotoxicity in the species tested, indicating potential human use for food or pharmaceutical purposes.
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•Brazilian Vanilla species extracts show no mutagenicity or genotoxicity.•Only V. planifolia exhibited mutagenicity at the highest concentration.•Cell viability reduced only at the highest extract concentrations in all species.•Vanilla extracts show potential for safe use in food and pharmaceutical industries.•None of the species induced micronuclei.
Multidrug resistance of the pathogenic microorganisms to the antimicrobial drugs has become a major impediment toward successful diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. Recent advancements ...in nanotechnology-based medicines have opened new horizons for combating multidrug resistance in microorganisms. In particular, the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a potent antibacterial agent has received much attention. The most critical physico-chemical parameters that affect the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs include size, shape, surface charge, concentration and colloidal state. AgNPs exhibits their antimicrobial potential through multifaceted mechanisms. AgNPs adhesion to microbial cells, penetration inside the cells, ROS and free radical generation, and modulation of microbial signal transduction pathways have been recognized as the most prominent modes of antimicrobial action. On the other side, AgNPs exposure to human cells induces cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response in human cells in a cell-type dependent manner. This has raised concerns regarding use of AgNPs in therapeutics and drug delivery. We have summarized the emerging endeavors that address current challenges in relation to safe use of AgNPs in therapeutics and drug delivery platforms. Based on research done so far, we believe that AgNPs can be engineered so as to increase their efficacy, stability, specificity, biosafety and biocompatibility. In this regard, three perspectives research directions have been suggested that include (1) synthesizing AgNPs with controlled physico-chemical properties, (2) examining microbial development of resistance toward AgNPs, and (3) ascertaining the susceptibility of cytoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response to human cells upon AgNPs exposure.
Primary concept of nickel toxicity – an overview Das, Kusal K.; Reddy, R. Chandramouli; Bagoji, Ishwar B. ...
Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology,
09/2018, Volume:
30, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Toxic metals, including excessive levels of essential metals tend to change biological structures and systems into either reversible or irreversible conformations, leading to the derangement of organ ...functions or ultimate death. Nickel, a known heavy metal is found at very low levels in the environment. Nickel is available in all soil types and meteorites and also erupts from volcanic emissions. In the environment, nickel is principally bound with oxygen or sulfur and forms oxides or sulfides in earth crust. The vast industrial use of nickel during its production, recycling and disposal has led to widespread environmental pollution. Nickel is discharged into the atmosphere either by nickel mining or by various industrial processes, such as power plants or incinerators, rubber and plastic industries, nickel-cadmium battery industries and electroplating industries. The extensive use of nickel in various industries or its occupational exposure is definitely a matter of serious impact on human health. Heavy metals like nickel can produce free radicals from diatomic molecule through the double step process and generate superoxide anion. Further, these superoxide anions come together with protons and facilitate dismutation to form hydrogen peroxide, which is the most important reason behind the nickel-induced pathophysiological changes in living systems. In this review, we address the acute, subchronic and chronic nickel toxicities in both human and experimental animals. We have also discussed nickel-induced genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity and toxicity in various other metabolically active tissues. This review specifically highlighted nickel-induced oxidative stress and possible cell signaling mechanisms as well.
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