Walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa) is an economically important fruit fly, which attacks several species of walnuts (Juglans spp). The insect is indigenous to North America, the best method for ...trapping the walnut husk fly adults is a yellow sticky board with ammonium carbonate as an attractant. In the present paper the bionomics, geographical distribution, methods of monitoring and controlling the walnut husk fly with special emphasis on biological control of the pest are presented. In a scientific literature is a lack of information regarding biological control, however if we take into consideration the foreign researches, Slovenian legislation and our experiences we suggest for biological control of walnut husk fly the foliar application of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana against adults, soil application of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae in autumn and spring soil application of entomopathogenic nematodes against adults, when they emerge from pupas. Monitoring of domestic parasitoids of walnut husk fly will be in the future needed in areas where the walnuts are expanded. On different areas of the world several species of parasitoids (Coptera occidentalis, Diachasmimorpha juglandis) are mentioned as an alternative biological control agents to chemicals.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important pests of many cultivated plants. Recently, the most efficient chemical control products (e.g. methyl bromide) have now been restricted due to ...their toxic characteristics. Research on agents that work against root-knot nematodes and do not have a detrimental impact on the environment is becoming increasingly important. Advances in the last decades produced quite a number of biocontrol products that are already marketed. Some of the well-accepted commercial products contain bacteria Bacillus firmus and Pasteuria penetrans, and fungus Purpureocillium lilacinus. In this review we summarize the antagonistic activity of bacteria and fungi, with their advantages and limitations in biocontrol of root-knot nematodes.
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