Volume 12 of Reviews in Mineralogy introduces to fluid inclusions. It covers the folowing questions: when and where inclusions form. how they change, how to prepare material and make ...microthermometric measurementsl, how to interpret these data, and what has been found in applications of fluid-inclusion studies to each of a series of different geologic environments. This book also attempts to discuss the many applications of fluid inclusions to the study of and understanding of geologic processes and the geologic environments in which they acted.
Abstract
Multiphase mixtures containing both liquid metal and solid inclusions in a soft polymeric matrix can exhibit unique combinations of mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties. ...Gallium‐based liquid metals have excellent electrical and thermal properties, and incorporating additional conductive, magnetic, or other solid fillers into liquid metal‐embedded elastomers can yield heightened electrical and thermal conductivities, enhanced elasticity due to lowered percolation thresholds, and positive piezoconductivity. This emerging class of liquid metal + x composites, where x denotes any solid filler type, has applications in stretchable electronics, wearables, soft robotics, and energy harvesting and storage. In this review, the recent literature is consolidated on liquid metal + x composites and their potential to offer uniquely amplified or multiplied bulk properties is highlighted. The literature related to the materials and processing of liquid metal + x composites is reviewed, through which it is found that the properties of the resulting multiphase composites are sensitive to the sequence in which the distinct liquid metal and solid inclusions are incorporated into the continuous phase. This review further includes a summary of relevant predictive modeling approaches, as well as identifies grand challenges and opportunities to advance liquid metal + x composites.
We have examined the suitability of a quartz-inclusions-in-epidote (qtz-in-ep) mineral barometer to better constrain
histories of epidote-bearing lithologies. Theoretical calculations applying an ...isotropic elastic model suggest that the qtz-in-ep barometer exhibits minimal temperature dependence, and thus, offers the potential to constrain growth conditions of epidote in various geologic environments, including skarn deposits, epidote-bearing granitoids, and metamorphic rocks.
To test if the applied equations of state and isotropic elastic model reasonably simulate the elastic evolution of two anisotropic minerals, we measured Raman shifts of the 464 cm
band of quartz inclusions relative to that of an unencapsulated quartz standard. We calculated a quartz inclusion pressure
at various temperatures and compared these values with temperature-dependent
predicted by elastic modeling
at elevated temperatures. Three epidote-bearing samples with reasonably well-constrained
histories were also examined: (1) sample HF14C from the Upper Schieferhuelle in the Western Tauern Window, Italy
(2) sample LdC-31C from Lago di Cignana, Italy
GPa); and (3) sample FT1E from the Frosnitz Tal in the Western Tauern region, Austria
Entrapment pressures
calculated from
determined at various temperatures show nominal differences from
calculated from
suggesting that for qtz-in-ep pairs, the calculated
does not significantly vary with the temperature of measurement. Furthermore, our calculated
for a sample from the Upper Schieferhuelle is in agreement with petrographic context and previously established
conditions, and the
determined for the Frosnitz Tal sample closely approximate previously reported pressures. The Lago di Cignana sample is derived from an epidote vein that is encased in a high-
foliation, and the calculated
is consistent with early, low-
epidote vein formation that pre-dates high-
metamorphism, or alternatively, late vein formation during exhumation, and confirms that the epidote did not form at or near peak conditions (~2.0 GPa). The results of this study indicate that the qtz-in-ep barometer potentially provides another tool that geoscientists can employ to better constrain
conditions in some epidote-bearing environments, where conventional thermobarometric techniques cannot be applied.
Non-metallic inclusions have a great influence on the cleanliness and mechanical properties of steel. Controlling the size and composition of inclusions contributes to the excellent properties of ...“clean steel”. At the same time, in terms of our understanding of inclusions’ behavior using thermodynamics principles, the design and control of the composition, shape, size, and distribution of non-metallic inclusions in different steels can significantly enhance steel properties. This reprint introduces the latest developments in inclusion engineering, aiming to control the cleanliness and microstructure of steel through thermodynamic calculations and experimental work. Special attention is paid to the formation mechanism and evolution of inclusions during refining and solidification in real steel plants, the aggregation and floating of inclusions, and the kinetics of inclusion adsorption by refining slag.
To investigate the evolution of inclusions in high‐Al steel with addition of La, a series of laboratory experiments and thermodynamic calculations are performed, considering the reaction time and ...amount of La added. The main inclusions in the high‐Al steel without the addition of La are Al2O3, MnS, and Al2O3–MnS. The La treatment can efficiently modify Al2O3 to La–Al–O or La–O–S inclusions. For La additions less than 0.0041 wt%, the evolution route for the inclusion in high‐Al steel is Al2O3 → LaAl11O18 → LaAlO3 with an increase in reaction time. For high La additions, the evolution route for the Al2O3 inclusion is Al2O3 → LaAl11O18 → LaAlO3 → La2O2S → La2S3. The experimental results correlate with those of the thermodynamic analysis. Notably, excess La in high‐Al molten steel may consume O and S to form La oxysulfide and sulfide, respectively, which prevents the precipitation of MnS inclusion and promotes the formation of AlN inclusion during solidification.
Herein, the effect of rare‐earth lanthanum (La) on inclusion evolution in high‐Al steel is investigated. A low La content effectively modifies Al2O3 inclusion to LaAlO3, and a higher La content may promote the formation of AlN, La oxysulfide and sulfide. The recommended La content in high‐Al steel is in the range of 0.004–0.005 wt%.
The distribution of water in the Moon's interior carries implications for the origin of the Moon
, the crystallization of the lunar magma ocean
and the duration of lunar volcanism
. The Chang'e-5 ...mission returned some of the youngest mare basalt samples reported so far, dated at 2.0 billion years ago (Ga)
, from the northwestern Procellarum KREEP Terrane, providing a probe into the spatiotemporal evolution of lunar water. Here we report the water abundances and hydrogen isotope compositions of apatite and ilmenite-hosted melt inclusions from the Chang'e-5 basalts. We derive a maximum water abundance of 283 ± 22 μg g
and a deuterium/hydrogen ratio of (1.06 ± 0.25) × 10
for the parent magma. Accounting for low-degree partial melting of the depleted mantle followed by extensive magma fractional crystallization
, we estimate a maximum mantle water abundance of 1-5 μg g
, suggesting that the Moon's youngest volcanism was not driven by abundant water in its mantle source. Such a modest water content for the Chang'e-5 basalt mantle source region is at the low end of the range estimated from mare basalts that erupted from around 4.0 Ga to 2.8 Ga (refs.
), suggesting that the mantle source of the Chang'e-5 basalts had become dehydrated by 2.0 Ga through previous melt extraction from the Procellarum KREEP Terrane mantle during prolonged volcanic activity.
The occurrence of post-subduction magmatism in continental collision zones is a ubiquitous feature of plate tectonics, but its relation with geodynamic processes remains enigmatic. The nature of ...mantle sources in these settings, and their interaction with subduction-related components, are difficult to constrain using bulk rocks when magmas are subject to mixing and assimilation within the crust. Here we examine post-collisional magma sources in space and time through the chemistry of olivine-hosted melt inclusions and early-formed minerals (spinel, olivine and clinopyroxene) in primitive volcanic rocks from the Neogene–Quaternary East Carpathian volcanic range in Călimani (calc-alkaline; 10.1–6.7 Ma), Southern Harghita (calc-alkaline to shoshonitic; 5.3–0.03 Ma) and the Perșani Mountains (alkali basaltic; 1.2–0.6 Ma). Călimani calc-alkaline parental magma compositions indicate a lithospheric mantle source metasomatised by ~ 2% sediment-derived melts, and are best reproduced by ~ 2–12% melting. Mafic K-alkaline melts in Southern Harghita originate from a melt- and fluid-metasomatised lithospheric mantle source containing amphibole (± phlogopite), by ~ 5% melting. Intraplate Na-alkaline basalts from Racoș (Perșani) reflect small-degree (1–2%) asthenosphere-derived parental melts which experienced minor interaction with metasomatic components in the lithosphere. An important feature of the East Carpathian post-collisional volcanism is that the lithospheric source regions are located in the lower plate (distal Europe-Moesia), rather than the overriding plate (Tisza-Dacia). The volcanism appears to have been caused by (1) asthenospheric uprise following slab sinking and possibly south-eastward propagating delamination and breakoff, which induced melting of the subduction-modified lithospheric mantle (Călimani to Southern Harghita); and (2) decompression melting as a consequence of minor asthenospheric upwelling (Perșani).
Background and purpose
Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) poses a diagnostic challenge because of its diverse clinical manifestations. Detection of intranuclear inclusions remains the ...primary diagnostic criterion for NIID. Skin biopsies have traditionally been used, but concerns exist regarding postoperative complications and scarring. We sought to investigate the diagnostic utility of labial salivary gland biopsy, a less invasive alternative.
Methods
This study included a total of 19 patients and 11 asymptomatic carriers who underwent labial gland biopsies, while 10 patients opted for skin biopsies. All these individuals were confirmed to have pathogenic GGC repeat expansions in the NOTCH2NLC gene. The control group comprised 20 individuals matched for age and sex, all with nonpathogenic GGC repeat expansions, and their labial gland tissue was sourced from oral surgery specimens.
Results
Labial gland biopsies proved to be a highly effective diagnostic method in detecting eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in NIID patients. The inclusions showed positive staining for p62 and ubiquitin, confirming their pathological significance. The presence of uN2CpolyG protein in the labial gland tissue further supported the diagnosis. Importantly, all patients who underwent lip gland biopsy experienced fast wound healing without any noticeable scarring. In contrast, skin biopsies led to varying degrees of scarring and one instance of a localized infection.
Conclusion
Labial salivary gland biopsy emerged as a minimally invasive, efficient diagnostic method for NIID, with rapid healing and excellent sensitivity.
We studied amphibole lamellae and associated hydrous nano-silicate melt inclusions (NSMI) in upper mantle xenoliths from the Perșani Mountains Volcanic Field, southeastern Transylvania (Romania). ...Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) results revealed submicron-scale pieces of evidence of escaped fluids in the form of nano-silicate melt inclusions along clinopyroxene-amphibole interfaces. These NSMIs consist of ∼80 vol% silicate glass and ∼ 20 vol% volatile bubble from which the former has a high SiO2 (>60 wt%) and Al2O3 (>20 wt%) and low CaO, FeO and MgO (<8 wt%) content determined by SDD-EDS analyses. We calculated the original bulk composition of the nano-silicate melt inclusions with Monte Carlo simulation, using hydrated fluid molecules and suggest that originally the nano-silicate melt inclusions had most probably low SiO2 (∼ 43.6 wt%) and high Al2O3 (∼ 15.5 wt%), Na2O (∼11.9 wt%) and H2O (∼ 30.3 wt%) contents. Using petrographic evidence, we propose that the amphibole lamellae formed as a result of post-entrapment reaction between clinopyroxene and the trapped fluid of the fluid inclusion. The presence of the hydrous nano-silicate melt inclusions suggest fluid migration along the clinopyroxene-amphibole interface, supporting the continuous growth of the studied amphibole. The association of the studied amphibole with hydrous nano-silicate melt inclusions suggests that H2O consumption from the fluid found in the micrometer-scale fluid inclusion continued at the nanoscale after a metasomatic event in the lithospheric mantle. This nanoscale process may also give information about the behavior of H2O globally in the lithospheric mantle where amphibole is stable, and along the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in younger oceanic and continental plates.
•Post-metasomatic amphibole lamella in ultramafic xenolith.•Amphibole lamella as post-entrapment reaction production between clinopyroxene and fluid inclusion.•Nano-silicate melt inclusions revealed by TEM between clinopyroxene and amphibole lamella.•Hydrous and in Na-, Al- and Si-rich nano-silicate melt inclusions are assumed by Monte Carlo simulation.
Olivine-hosted melt inclusions within lava retain important information regarding the lava’s primary magma compositions and mantle sources. Thus, they can be used to infer the nature of the mantle ...sources of large igneous provinces, which is still not well known and of the subject of debate. We have analysed the chemical compositions and Pb isotopic ratios of olivine-hosted melt inclusions in the Dali picrites, Emeishan Large Igneous Province (LIP), SW China. These are the first in-situ Pb isotope data measured for melt inclusions found in the Emeishan picrites and allow new constraints to be placed on the source lithology of the Emeishan LIP. The melt inclusions show chemical compositional variations, spanning low-, intermediate- and high-Ti compositions, while their host whole rocks are restricted to the intermediate-Ti compositions. Together with the relatively constant Pb isotope ratios of the melt inclusions, the compositional variations suggest that the low-, intermediate- and high-Ti melts were derived from compositionally similar sources. The geochemical characteristics of melt inclusions, their host olivines, and whole-rocks from the Emeishan LIP indicate that Ca, Al, Mn, Yb, and Lu behave compatibly, and Ti, Rb, Sr, Zr, and Nb behave incompatibly during partial melting, requiring a pyroxenite source for the Emeishin LIP. The wide range of Ti contents in the melt inclusions and whole-rocks of the Emeishan basalts reflects different degrees of partial melting in the pyroxenite source at different depths in the melting column. The Pb isotope compositions of the melt inclusions and the OIB-like trace element compositions of the Emeishan basalts imply that mixing of a recycled ancient oceanic crust (EM1-like) component with a peridotite component from the lower mantle (FOZO-like component) could have underwent solid-state reaction, producing a secondary pyroxenite source that was subsequently partially melted to form the basalts. This new model of pyroxenite melting could explain the geochemical variations among the low-, intermediate- and high-Ti basalts for the Emeishan LIP and challenges the prevailing belief that the source of the Emeishan basalts is peridotite.
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