Resumen: Vivimos tiempos en los que se ha pasado de concebir un acto de educar que proponía una relación medial a un acto de educar inscrito en una globalización que dicta la disolución del sujeto en ...una esfera vasta e impersonal. Esto nos ha portado a analizar el yo del alumnado que hoy acude a las aulas. A partir de una revisión teórica basada en el análisis hermenéutico de contenido y confrontación con la literatura sobre el tema, los resultados principales se centran en una reformulación del yo que pasa por la revalorización de la complementariedad latente entre la subjetividad heredada (de la ciencia y las filosofías recientes) y la subjetividad del hiperindividualismo. A pesar de encontrarnos en la era de la globalización, el artículo explicita que la educación no dispondría de muchas ejecuciones prácticas si en ella no se desarrollara un cierto grado de tropismo hacia la individualidad. En consecuencia, el yo, a pesar de ser habitante de colectividades atomizadas, concluimos que debe consolidarse como un antídoto, adaptado a la segmentación de las formas de vida de cada contexto, aunque este se encuentre condicionado por el consumismo y por las necesidades que dicta la (ciber)civilización tecnológica.
O texto versa sobre certa categoria indígena - usualmente traduzida por "dono" ou "mestre" - que, na Amazônia, transcende em muito a simples expressão de uma relação de propriedade ou domínio. A ...categoria e seus recíprocos designam um modo generalizado de relação, que caracteriza interações entre humanos, entre não-humanos, entre humanos e não-humanos e entre pessoas e coisas. Trata-se de uma categoria-chave para a compreensão da sociologia e da cosmologia indígenas que, não obstante, recebeu relativamente pouca atenção. Esse texto visa explorar, a partir de um conjunto de evidências etnográficas, as conseqüências de imaginar-se o universo ameríndio como um mundo de donos e o dono como o modelo da pessoa magnificada, com o objetivo de discutir noções de posse, domínio e poder nas terras baixas da América do Sul.
This study investigates the relationships between religious fundamentalism, collective identity, and individuality. The questions addressed in this research are: Who is joining fundamentalist student ...organizations? Why and how are they doing so? And, how do these organizations maintain their collective identity in the face of ever-growing individualism? To gain an adequate understanding of the fundamentalist characteristics of such organizations, we first explored the existing theoretical literature. Then, we performed a qualitative case study of two student organizations at the University of Guilan: the Basij and Welayat Lovers. Our findings indicate that although these organizations strongly tend to define and impose a unified collective identity on their members, some important social trends, such as the expansion of secularist higher education and rising levels of students' knowledge, skills, and their reinforced individuality, leave little room for the growth of a fundamentalist collective identity.
En el artículo se expone la crítica de Herbert A. Simon a los dos supuestos básicos de la noción neoclásica de “agente”: la racionalidad perfecta y el interés propio. Se muestra cómo Simon criticó ...ambos supuestos al reconocer que las capacidades cognitivas de los agentes son limitadas, mostrando que existen problemas específicos que no tienen soluciones óptimas y que hay otras motivaciones irreducibles al interés propio, como la lealtad y la identificación grupal, que son fundamentales para entender el comportamiento de las organizaciones. Se muestra cómo Simon apuntó hacia una noción de “racionalidad” históricamente acotada por la interacción del agente con su entorno, lo cual presenta una visión compleja y dinámica del comportamiento humano. Sin embargo, el artículo también muestra las dificultades que tuvo Simon para lograr la realización plena de este proyecto al asumir un supuesto de cognición individualista que le impidió dar un papel más sustantivo al entorno en la estructuración del comportamiento de los agentes. Se termina mostrando cómo la noción de “hábito” puede dar un papel más sustantivo al entorno para desarrollar así una concepción históricamente acotada de la racionalidad.
•Study examines the effect of national culture on exchange rate regime choice.•Individualistic countries are more likely to adopt a freely floating rate regime.•The effects of other cultural ...dimensions are weaker than that of individualism.
Based on the social analysis framework of Williamson, we argue that national culture – especially the individualism/collectivism dimension – located in the social embeddedness level can guide behaviors and decisions in a country, including the choice of exchange rate regime. We argue that individualistic societies are more likely to choose floating regimes because their economic agents are independent, overconfident, and have higher levels of risk tolerance. Individualistic societies are also associated with better financial development, fewer capital controls, and more democratic institutions, which are all tied to a higher probability of choosing a floating exchange rate regime. We use data on 78 countries over the 1976–2014 period, and we control for common determinants of exchange rate regimes. We find that individualistic countries have a significantly higher probability of implementing a floating regime than a fixed regime. Our evidence is robust to using an instrumental variables approach, an alternative estimation technique, an alternative regime classification, alternative proxies for culture, a subsample analysis, and additional controls. We also find that other cultural dimensions (uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity) can influence the choice of exchange rate regime, but their effect is weaker than that of individualism.
Mainland China has undergone profound changes dating back to the nineteenth century, including a contemporary period of rapid modernization that began in the 1980s. The result has been dramatic ...social, cultural, and economic shifts impacting the daily lives of Chinese people. In this paper, we explore the psychological implications of sociocultural transformation in China, emphasizing two central themes. First, rising individualism: findings from social and developmental psychology suggest that China's rapid development has been accompanied by ever-increasing adherence to individualistic values. Second, rising rates of depression: findings from psychiatric epidemiology point to increasing prevalence of depression over this same time period, particularly in rural settings. We argue that links between sociocultural and psychological shifts in China can be usefully studied through a cultural psychology lens, emphasizing the mutual constitution of culture, mind, and brain. In particular, we note that the link between social change, individualism, and rising mental illness deserves careful attention. Our review suggests that shifting values and socialization practices shape emotion norms of concealment and display, with implications for depressive symptom presentation. The challenge comes with interpretation. Increasing prevalence rates of depression may indeed be a general response to the rapidity of sociocultural change, or a specific consequence of rising individualism-but may also result from increasingly 'Western' patterns of symptom presentation, or improvements in diagnostic practice. We conclude by considering the challenges posed to standard universal models of psychological phenomena.
PurposeThis paper aims to explain the discrepancy between pro-environmental intentions and behaviors with moderating effects of two socio-cultural values (espoused individualism and faith in others) ...on the link between intentions and actual behaviors to save electricity.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey of 303 consumers in Hong Kong with a structured questionnaire was used to collect the data to test all the hypothesized relationships.FindingsAttitude toward saving electricity has a significant positive effect on the intentions to save electricity, but subjective norms and perceived behavioral control have no such effect on intentions but do positively affect the actual electricity saving behavior. Finally, the link between intentions and behavior to save electricity is negatively moderated by espoused individualism and positively by faith in others.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was conducted with a sample of consumers in Hong Kong; hence, its findings may not be generalizable to other countries.Originality/valueThis study provides new insights into the link between pro-environmental intentions and behaviors by looking beyond the theory of planned behavior and exploring the moderating role of socio-cultural values on the intention-behavior link.
This study discerns Portnoy’s Complaint by Philip Roth concerning the struggle between self and world. Roth’s protagonists want a haven of protection and stability, or a home, from which they may ...interpret the world meaningfully. In addition to this, they require stability and repose in the achievement of selfhood. Their home may be their static, centred self, from which they could get meaning from their surroundings. In the novel Portnoy’s Complaint, the protagonist faces external and internal and selfversus-world conflicts. It is discovered that Portnoy conflicts with his Jewish family, a microcosm of the ethnic group to which he belongs. He incorrectly feels that his ethnicity is the core reason for his alienated feelings. In addition, he is troubled by the contradiction between his moral convictions and his sexual indulgence. His difficulties remain unanswered until the novel’s conclusion, even though he begins comprehending the actual nature of his moral issue. In his exploration of the never-ending and, maybe, the insoluble issue between man and his fundamental desires, Roth delves into the simple mind of his species to bring to light the unfathomable, grotesque, and frightening realities of human drives and experiences. This skill lends his compositions a worldwide appeal that transcends ethnic and racial distinctions. All the characters in the narrative are banished from themselves and arrive in the brave new world of choice, America, representing a domestic transgression.
In this context, the identity crisis and individualism in English literature are well depicted. The main objectives of the research such as the crisis of identity in Indian literature, the crisis of ...identity in IndoAnglican novels, and the main aspects of individualism are briefly discussed. The three main aspects such as autonomy, self-responsibility, and uniqueness help the person to create individuality. The decisions, choices, and aims of that person can be clear and they can be independent in their ideas without any references from others. They can make their individuality with the implementation of these aspects. The secondary data collection method is used in this research. This method helps to collect several data and the various sources are found by this data collection method. Qualitative data helps the research maintain its quality of the research. The analysis of data helps to maintain the accuracy of the data which helps the researcher to find the main objectives of the research
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