Industrial rights are characterized by their international nature, so I have made the issue of organizing and protecting their provisions not limited to the legislation of the countries of origin. In ...order to unify the legislation of countries in the field of protecting these rights and fighting counterfeiting, the Paris Convention of 1883 along the lines of the TRIPS Agreement included a set of unified provisions, These provisions aim to reconcile the legislation of countries in the field of protection granted to industrial property rights and an effective fight against imitation, showing the importance of these provisions in that they complement the principle of national treatment that these agreements brought in. These provisions are those that take a common character among all industrial property rights and those which are specific to some rights
This paper presents the main factors associated with the motivation of researchers from two universities in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, to develop patents. To do so, the researchers responded to ...a Likert-scale survey. Through a principal components analysis, it was verified that the factors that serve as barriers to the development of patents in the universities are associated with limitations in the support given by the TTO (Technology Transfer Office) and the amount of benefits offered to researchers. Likewise, the main motivating factors were associated with improvements in the TTO infrastructure and with the expansion of benefits.
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os principais fatores associados à motivação dos pesquisadores de duas universidades do Estado de Pernambuco, para o desenvolvimento de patentes. Para tal, foi solicitado que pesquisadores respondessem um questionário composto por afirmações em escalas likert. Foi efetuada uma análise de Componentes Principais onde constatou-se que os fatores que funcionam como barreiras ao desenvolvimento de patentes nas universidades estão relacionados com limitações no suporte oferecido pelo NIT (Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica) e a quantidade de benefícios ofertados aos pesquisadores. Assim como, os principais fatores motivadores estiveram relacionados com melhoras na infraestrutura do NIT e a ampliação de benefícios concedidos aos pesquisadores.
Most experts hold the thesis that in the world there is a massive violation of Property Rights (property rights) in the field of intellectual property (specifically in certain parts of the industrial ...property such as patents and utility models). This idea has influenced the creation of national and international legislation which, in the opinion of a particular dissident doctrine, has generated -unnecessary- levels of overprotection. In an abstract and theoretical sense, this doctrine criticizes the dominant view. It relies on arguments such as the lack of need to regulate industrial property to the extent that an effective process of rivalry (economic competition) prevails. This through voluntary social cooperation that would make it inappropriate to establish the same protection that physical property receives. This assumption is valid in terms of the economic power of exclusion and recognition of ownership (subjective rights) despite the prevalence of theses such as the one that defends the need to introduce incentives (patrimonial retribution) for the generation of ideas and continuous improvements in innovation and development. Furthermore, this expressed through patents and utility models and their commercial identification (trademarks). Therefore, based on the above, and based on specific legal-economic considerations, this contribution choices a descriptive and argumentative methodology to present some thoughts on an unorthodox thesis: Why does a particular part of intellectual property produce a violation of Property Rights -understood as a passively universal obligation-?
The metaverse is a new virtual reality in which society is beginning to develop, along with it the companies that enter the metaverse in search of keeping up with the latest virtual standards, ...creating economies without physical limits and unlimited possibilities. This framework, refers the central problem of the creation of new digital goods to be used in these, generating the doubt of how these goods will be protected and how far the protection of each country reaches on these brands.
This research work oversees this scope, with special emphasis on the need for new regulations through private entities that create the realities of the metaverse in search of industrial property protection. Thus, the problem of a legal framework for the metaverse is addressed, where based on existing rules and others to be developed, these activities are regulated in order to protect companies and users, emphasizing the importance of doing so under international scope.
To this end, this research is based on a legal method with a qualitative approach, which is prone to bibliographic studies of official sources; all this, in order to propose a first approach to the issue.
El metaverso es una nueva realidad virtual en el que la sociedad está comenzando a desarrollarse, junto con ella las empresas que ingresan al metaverso en busca de mantenerse en los últimos estándares virtuales, creando economías sin límites físicos y posibilidades ilimitadas. Dicho marco, refiere el problema central de la creación de nuevos bienes digitales para ser utilizados en estos, generando la duda de cómo serán protegidos estos bienes y hasta dónde llega la protección de cada país sobre estas marcas.
De dicho alcance, se encarga este trabajo de investigación; haciendo especial énfasis en la necesidad de nuevas regulaciones a través de las entidades privadas que crean las realidades del metaverso en busca de una protección de la propiedad industrial. Así, se aborda el problema de un marco legal del metaverso donde basados en normas ya existentes y otras a desarrollar se regulen estas actividades con el fin de proteger a las empresas y a los usuarios recalcando la importancia que se hagan bajo miras internacionales.
Para tal fin, esta investigación se apoya en un método jurídico de enfoque cualitativo proclive a estudios bibliográficos de fuentes oficiales; todo esto, en pro de proponer unos primeros acercamientos a la cuestión.
Abstract
The article rethinks the mutation of the internal market, charting its metamorphosis from a free trade area to a maze of common policies. It examines the case law of the European Court of ...Justice from a novel, structural perspective which uses community detection techniques to shed new light on this amply theorized process. The analysis reveals an irreversible shift in the method of integration, from a de-regulatory removal of national rules obstructing free movement (liberalization) to a re-regulatory adoption of common rules and standards promoting free movement (harmonization). The shift, which occurred between 2007 and 2010, signals a new rationale of integration and a reprioritization of the European Union’s economic and non-economic objectives. Finally, the article questions whether said shift calls for a new authorization of Europe to regulate.
The PACTE Law objective was to strengthen the confidence in more efficient procedures, both as regards protection and defence, and allow a more progressive offer, in line with the economic cycles of ...companies and their markets.
Taking into account the inventive step when granting patents was an essential condition.
The progressive nature of the offer was another condition for a company – and in particular an SME – wanting to file a patent rapidly without finalising all the formalities, and for a company wanting to protect itself without spending too much money in the short term, to nevertheless obtain protection.
Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms achieve outstanding results in many application domains such as computer vision and natural language processing. The performance of AI models is the outcome of ...complex and costly model architecture design and training processes. Hence, it is paramount for model owners to protect their AI models from piracy – model cloning, illegitimate distribution and use. IP protection mechanisms have been applied to AI models, and in particular to deep neural networks, to verify the model ownership. State‐of‐the‐art AI model ownership protection techniques have been surveyed. The pros and cons of AI model ownership protection have been reported. The majority of previous works are focused on watermarking, while more advanced methods such fingerprinting and attestation are promising but not yet explored in depth. This study has been concluded by discussing possible research directions in the area.
In order to promote intellectual property education at a junior college of arts, in this paper, we investigated the educational effect of the intellectual property courses offered at Yamaguchi ...College of Arts in 2020. The students got high scores in copyright, design right, trademark right. They were interested in those subjects because they often design trademarks and advertisement posters and also play music. On the other hand, they got low scores in patent right because they are not familiar with them. In addition, this study suggests the possibility for non-experts to conduct an effective intellectual property education with a help from Yamaguchi University (certified by MEXT as a Joint Usage Center of IP education).
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