WinSRFR is a new generation of software for analyzing surface irrigation systems. Founded on an unsteady flow hydraulic model, the software integrates event analysis, design, and operational analysis ...functionalities, in addition to simulation. This paper provides an overview of functionalities, interface, and architectural elements of the software, and discusses technical enhancements in version 2.1, released in late 2007, and version 3.1, scheduled for release in 2009.
Irrigation is one of energy-intensive operations in agriculture, which consumes great part of energy inputs and has harmful environmental effects. Thus, the goal of this study is to simulate ...application of photovoltaic (PV) system as an alternative clean energy supplier to achieve energy-environmental sustainability under two irrigation methods, namely, surface irrigation (SFI) and sprinkler irrigation (SPI) in barley cultivation. Data are collected during the growing season of 2018–2019 from a 100-ha farm located in central region of Hamedan province, Iran. Moreover, applying PV system to SFI and SPI scenarios, which are simulated by using TRNSYS software, generate SFI-PV and SPI-PV scenarios, respectively. After that, environmental damages for all scenarios are evaluated by ReCiPe2016 method of life cycle assessment. Results indicate energy use efficiencies are 2.85 and 2.80 in SFI and SPI, respectively. On-Farm emissions in all scenarios, electricity in SFI and SPI and PV panels SFI-PV and SPI-PV are the hotspots of environmental damages. Cumulative exergy demand (CExD) findings show that shares of Non-renewable, fossil for barley production mainly result from electricity and diesel fuel. It is concluded that energy and environmental damage indices can be enhanced remarkably via using renewable energy technologies.
•Energy-Life cycle-Exergy of different irrigation systems are examined for barley.•Photolytic systems are simulated to supply energy in SFI and SPI scenarios.•Energy use efficiencies are 2.85 and 2.80 in SFI and SPI, respectively.•Non-renewable, fossils are 6135 and 6249 MJ/t of BGY in SFI and SPI, respectively.•SFI-PV is the best scenario in energy-environmental friendly perspective.
•We evaluate impact of pressurized irrigation system on water productivity (WP) and inflow into the urmia lake.•The SWAT model was applied to simulate different hydrological and agricultural ...processes.•The results showed up to 20% increase in cropyield and improvement in the WP indices in case study.•Pressurized systems have no significant impact on inflows to the urmia lake.
Considering global water scarcity, especially in the agricultural sector, many attempts are being made to improve water productivity and save more water. Changing irrigation systems from surface to pressurized has been one of the considerable actions in this regard. However, any attempts to do so must be evaluated in an integrated perspective at the basin level by means of relevant agro-hydrological models before making them operational. This paper aims to address this issue by using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). Zarrineh Rud River, the main feeding river of northwest Iran’s Lake Urmia, is selected as the case study for exploring this methodology. This lake has been shrinking since 1995, and to save water and increase the basin’s water productivity, improvement of pressurized systems is considered as a solution. SWAT cannot directly simulate changing the irrigation system from surface to pressurized. In this study, we use the innovative approach of applying the model to simulate different irrigation systems considering real irrigation management variables such as depth and date of each irrigation event. Also, in order to improve its performance in simulation of such systems, a comprehensive calibration procedure was used based on a wide range of data for hydrological and agricultural variables. The results showed that changing the current irrigation to a pressurized system can increase water productivity up to 15% due to increases in crop yield, better water distribution and greater actual evapotranspiration. However, pressurized irrigation results in no significant change in total inflow to the lake. Notably, these systems can intensify drawdown of the basin’s water table up to 20%. So, any significant “real water saving” program in the basin must be associated with reduction of evapotranspiration by adopting measures like reducing cultivated areas, changing cropping patterns to less water consuming plants, or applying deficit irrigation. The applied methodology of this paper as well as the comprehensive calibration and setup of the SWAT model with the readily available hydrological and agricultural variables can be a good sample for similar works. However, further work is still needed to more broadly test this approach in areas with intensive irrigation systems.
The conventional rice-wheat system in the western Indo-Gangetic plain of India is energy and water intensive with high carbon footprint. The transition towards resource-efficient eco-friendly ...production technologies with lower footprint is required for inclusive ecological sustenance. A five-year (2016–17 to 2020–21) field experiment was conducted in RWS with hypothesis that pressurized irrigation systems drip (DRIP) and mini-sprinkler (MSIS) in conservation tillage reduced (RT)/zero (ZT) and crop residue management incorporation (RI)/mulch (RM) might result in higher resource use efficiency with lesser carbon footprint compared to conventional system. Experiment consisted five treatments namely (1) puddled transplanted rice followed by conventionally tilled wheat (PTR/CTW), (2) DRIP irrigated reduced till direct seeded rice (RTDSR) followed by zero-till wheat with 100 % rice residue mulching (ZTW + RM) (DRIP-RTDSR/ZTW + RM), (3) surface irrigated RTDSR followed by ZTW + RM (SIS-RTDSR/ZTW + RM), (4) MSIS irrigated RTDSR followed by ZTW + RM (MSIS-RTDSR/ZTW + RM), and (5) MSIS irrigated RTDSR with 1/3rd wheat residue incorporation followed by ZTW + RM (MSIS-RTDSR + RI/ZTW + RM). The pressurized irrigation system in RWS established under conservational tillage and residue management (DRIP-RTDSR/ZTW + RM and MSIS-DSR + RI/ZTW + RM) produced at par system productivity compared to PTR/CTW. Substantial nitrogen (79–114 ka ha−1) and irrigation water (536–680 mm) savings under pressurized irrigation systems resulted in 41–64 % higher partial factor productivity of nitrogen with 48–61 % lower water footprint. These systems had lower energy consumption attaining 15–21 % higher net energy, 44–61 % higher energy use efficiency, and 31–38 % lower specific energy. Efficient utilization of farm inputs caused lower greenhouse gas emission (39–44 %) and enhanced carbon sequestration (35–62 %) resulting 63–76 % lower carbon footprint over PTR/CTW. The information generated here might useful in developing policies for resource and climate–smart food production system aiming livelihood security and ecological sustainability in the region. Further, trials are needed for wider adaptability under different climate, soil and agronomic practices to develop site-specific climate smart practices.
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•Drip/mini-sprinkler irrigation in DSR followed by ZTW + RM as resource-smart agri-food systems.•These systems produced similar food grain as transplanted rice/conventional tilled wheat.•Lower energy consumption and specific energy in these systems ensured 44-61% higher energy use efficiency.•Substantial water saving and its efficient utilization increased water productivity and lowered water footprint by 48-61%.•The lower GHG, CF (63-76%) and higher CS makes these resource-smart agri-food systems ecological sustainable.
Traditional agricultural systems require huge amount of power for field watering. This paper proposes a smart irrigation system that helps farmers water their agricultural fields using Global System ...for Mobile Communication (GSM). This system provides acknowledgement messages about the job’s statuses such as humidity level of soil, temperature of surrounding environment, and status of motor regarding main power supply or solar power. Fuzzy logic controller is used to compute input parameters (e.g. soil moisture, temperature and humidity) and to produce outputs of motor status. In addition, the system also switches off the motor to save the power when there is an availability of rain and also prevents the crop using panels from unconditional rain. The comparison is made between the proposed system, drip irrigation and manual flooding. The comparison results prove that water and power conservation are obtained through the proposed smart irrigation system.
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Modern intensive agriculture worldwide is generating increasing environmental and economic pressures that hinder its sustainable development. This study proposes the joint use life cycle assessment ...(LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) to evaluate irrigated chickpea production (ICP) and the eco-environmental situation of dry farming (DFCP). Data are collected from 625 chickpea farmers in in the Kermanshah province of Iran. The most updated approach, LC-IMPACT, is applied for the first time globally in agricultural activity LCA. Results indicate that most impact categories of ICP have higher rates than DFCP. On-Field emissions and pesticides in DFCP, and nitrogen and phosphate in ICP, are identified as the main hotspots. The LCC analysis reveals that the total emissions cost (EC) for DFCP and ICP is 130 and 53 $ per one tone of chickpea (1TCP−1), respectively. Additionally, the LCC for DFCP and ICP is computed as 837 and 666 $ 1TCP−1. The eco-efficiency rate of damage categories in DFCP shows a better situation compared to the ICP scenario. The findings indicate that the DFCP scenario exhibits a higher level of environmental friendliness compared to the ICP scenario. Finally, it can be concluded that the joint use of LC-IMPACT assessment method and LCC can contribute to achieving better eco-environmental conditions in chickpea production.
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•Dry farming and irrigated chickpea production survey from LCA and LCC viewpoint.•LC-IMPACT is applied for the first time as a LCIA of agricultural production.•LCC covers EC, economic indicators, and eco-efficiency for both systems.•On-Field emissions and chemical fertilizers are the main hotspots in DFCP and ICP.•DFCP is environmental-friendly and ICP is the most economically profitable.
Groundwater management in semiarid and arid regions, like northern Egypt, is essential for the sustainability of scarce resources through monitoring groundwater status and sources of recharge to the ...aquifer. In the Qalyubia Governorate, Nile Delta, Egypt, the study examined the recharge of groundwater in lands subject to flood irrigation and compared it with water-saving irrigation methods to detect how irrigation practices influence the potentiality of groundwater. A simulation of the two irrigation techniques, flood irrigation, and water-saving irrigation, was performed. Using GMS, simulations are done to calculate the water balance in the main 8 districts of Qalyubia Governorate. In comparison to flood irrigation, it was found that water-saving irrigation has less recharge intensity, which in turn causes a lowering in groundwater levels. The decline in groundwater table ranges between 10 and 50 cm. Modern irrigation influences the potentiality of the Nile Delta aquifer, which can’t be underestimated.
•Water resources are limited and should be treated with special care,.•Injection irrigation was performed using a developed prototype,.•Soil moisture profile measurements were conducted using TDR ...technology,.•Injection irrigation in the zone of the celeriac root reduce water consumption,.
Celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Mill. Gaudi) belongs to a group with very high sensitivity to water shortages because has a relatively shallow root system.
Field experiment conducted at the Research and Didactic Station in Psary, belongs to the Department of Horticulture at the Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences. Three-year field investigation aimed to undertake a comparative analysis of diverse irrigation systems concerning their impact on the growth kinetics of celeriac, yielding and the overarching irrigation efficiency within varying meteorological conditions.
The scrutinized water-saving irrigation methods included superficial - surface - drip irrigation (I), sub-surface drip irrigation (II), and injection irrigation (III), their benchmarks juxtaposed against non-irrigated cultivation - the control (IV). Irrigations were instigated upon meticulous appraisals of soil moisture content. A single dose of water applied during surface and sub-surface irrigation was 20 mm. In injected irrigation, the dose also depended on soil moisture and ranged from 550 to 750 cm3 for each plant at a time. Celeriac seedlings of the Diamant celeriac cultivar (BejoZaden) were annually transplanted during the third decade of May.
The marketable yield of celeriac in surface- and sub-surface-irrigated system increased by an average of 48.8 %, and with injection irrigation by 32.6 % against the control. The total yield increased by 36.2 and 22.1 %, respectively. The size of the yield and its structure depended largely on the unit weight of the enlarged hypocotyl, which was higher by 28.2 and 27.2 % surface and sub-surface irrigation, respectively, and by 15.6 % under injection irrigation then in control. Irrigation efficiency (WUE), expressed as the ratio of marketable yield in t ha−1 to water consumption per mm, showed favorable results after the injection method (0.121 t z ha mm−1) compared to sub-surface (0.076) and surface (0.073).
Research indicate that injection irrigation system can be competitive with drip irrigation systems.
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The combined data from two growing seasons in a field experiment study by using two irrigation systems (surface and subsurface drip) in terms of additional water for sugar beet plants under saline ...conditions are used to estimate root and sugar yield, water use efficiency and root penetration power at the time of harvest. Water salinity levels of 6000 and 8000 ppm were applied to irrigate sugar beet from the time of planting on October 3 to the time of harvest on April 22 with three additions of water (limited 1750, moderate 2500 and optimum 3250 m3/fed). The results are summarized as follows: The heaviest root and highest sugar yield as well as highest water use efficiency were recorded when using subsurface irrigation system, 6000 ppm water salinity level, and moderate or optimum irrigation water (2500 or 3250 m3/fed). Oppositely, the highest penetration power values were obtained using drip irrigation systems with low water quantity (1750 m3/fed) and high-water salinity level (8000 ppm).
•Combination of GIS and AHP to determine the best irrigation system to reach the highest water use efficiency and water saving.•Using different irrigation system alternatives including modernised and ...common irrigation systems.•Considering different socio-economic and physical criterion including: cost, water, climate and etc.
Irrigation systems have in recent years attained a higher level of variety in as such that the selection and implementation of an irrigation system is based on the physical constraints of the site area thus giving way to a much more adequate irrigation efficiency. With due regards to the water crisis in Iran and subsequent drought conditions, the implementing of similar irrigation systems in different regional conditions lacks any justification. In the Izeh plain the use of surface irrigation systems with minimal efficiency is very common. In order to implement and operate modern irrigation systems and maximize water saving, the site selection of pressurized irrigation systems was evaluated through the fusing of AHP and GIS maps for a variety of pressurized irrigation systems followed by the selecting of the best irrigation system for each region. In the current study physical and socio-economic criteria were selected as the main criterion and were then classified into several sub-criterions.A Drip irrigation system, a Gun irrigation system, a center pivot irrigation system and a linear irrigation system were selected as the options utilized when using the AHP method. The Gun and center pivot irrigation systems had the least value as they were not suitable for mountainous area. Drip and linear irrigation systems were given a higher value and were suitable for implementation in most regions. After comparing different sub-criterion, the drip irrigation system was identified as being the most suitable pressurized irrigation system for the Izeh plain.
