This study aims to improve the results of basketball jump shot training through a study of the development of training methods. The research method used is development research. Development research ...that refers to the development model of Borg and Gall, namely: 1) preliminary study, 2) early development model, 3) expert evaluation, 4) small-scale trial, 5) product revision, 6) group trial, 7) refine the model, 8) define the final model. Data are collected using a questionnaire obtained from the evaluation of basketball experts and coaches, then tested with a small group of 12 athletes and a large-scale trial of 24 athletes. The data are the results of an assessment of product quality, suggestions for product improvement, and the results of filling out questionnaires by athletes. The data analysis technique used is descriptive percentage to reveal the athlete's assessment after using the product. The results of the validation of the development of training methods from basketball experts obtain an average percentage of 94.5%. While the validation of the development of training methods from basketball coaches obtain an average percentage of 96.2%. The results of the questionnaire that is filled out by 12 athletes are 21.7% who answering difficult, 46.7% answering moderately, and 31.6% answering easy. The results of the analysis of small-scale trial data from 12 athletes obtain an average percentage of 20.83% answering difficult, 50% answering moderate, and 29.16% answering easy. The results of the analysis of large-scale trial data from 24 athletes obtain an average percentage of 6.7% who answering difficult, 19.1% answering moderately, and 74.1% answering easy. From the available data, it can be concluded that the development of the basketball jump shot training method can be used for basketball athletes from SMA Negeri 1 Majalengka.
Interaction between the shooting hand and ball at the moment a basketball is released generates a three-dimensional backspin of the ball. This study is the first to investigate how characteristics of ...the backspin alignment and variability contribute to lateral shooting accuracy. Spin axis (SA) direction and backspin magnitude were measured on 25 shot attempts for 26 collegiate basketball players (male: n = 16, female: n = 10). The mean SA alignment, as viewed from the shooting hand side, was found to be tipped down and towards the target (p < 0.001). Standard deviations (SD) in the SA alignment were strong predictors of lateral accuracy (vertical SD: r = 0.80, p < 0.001, forward-backward SD: r = 0.51, p = 0.01), with variation in the vertical alignment being the best predictor. No significant correlation between mean SA misalignment and lateral accuracy was observed. However, intra-individual relationships between SA misalignment and lateral error revealed that individuals tended to have 0.17 degrees more misalignment for each cm of lateral error (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.24-0.09). These indicate that while an individual's mean alignment may not predict lateral accuracy, improving one's SA alignment and reducing alignment variability may increase lateral accuracy.
The present study assessed the mechanics of the basketball jump shot to determine whether or not the “dip” increased shot accuracy. There remained a debate between coaches who believed “dipping” was ...too slow and coaches who believed “dipping” increased accuracy. A mixed design was used for the present study with elite high-school and university players all performing shots with and without the “dip” at four distances: the last hash mark before the free throw line (3.125 m), the length of an imaginary hash mark beyond the free throw line (4.925 m), the top of the free throw circle (6.025 m), and the three-point line (6.750 m). These distances best emulated where the majority of shots were attempted in a game. Thirty-six athletes completed the study, with accuracy and shot quality being measured using Hardy-Parfitt’s six-point scale. The results of the present study indicated that the “dip” led to approximately a 7–9% increase in accuracy of the jump shot for both high school shooters, and university shooters, suggesting that coaches should begin to teach the “dip” in a player’s shooting motion to improve scoring results.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the goalkeeper’s area of defense and how the range varies depending on the relative position of the goal, goalkeeper, and ball in a 9-meter jump shot ...during handball matches. METHODS Data was collected from seven qualifying divisions in mens handball from the 99th National Sports Festival in Korea. A total of 231, 9-meter jump shots were analyzed with the goalkeeper‘s area of defense measured from the point the ball left the shooter’s hand and calculated based on the relative position of the goal, goalkeeper, and ball. Video analysis was conducted using the Kwon3D 3.01 program and three-dimensional coordinates calculated using the DLT method. RESULTS First, dimension of handball goals measure 3m wide and 2m high, however, results show that goalkeeper’s actual area of defense was narrower than the width of the goal posts, while vertically, area exceeded the height of the cross bar. Second, if the goalkeeper defended the striker’s shot from the side rather than from the front, the goalkeeper’s defense range was higher for the opposite side of the goal post than the near side of the goal post. CONCLUSIONS Key factors influencing goalkeeper’s area of defense include height of shot and position of goalkeeper. Results also indicate that vertical movements are more important than horizontal movements for goalkeepers in handball thus such implementation in training may lead to performance enhancement.
Biomechanical adjustments of the jump shot in presence of an opponent and their associations with shooting efficiency remain to be determined in elite basketball. The aim of this research was to ...examine the selected biomechanical determinants of the jump shot when shooting over opponents of different height. Nineteen elite basketball players, age 22 ± 3 years, performed three trials of 20 basketball shots in a crossover, randomised manner: over an obstacle of the height of standing reach (RH), over reach height with additional 20 cm (RH+20 cm), over reach height with additional 40 cm (RH+40 cm), and the maximum height jump shot without an obstacle (JS
). Jump height, the ball entry angle, and shooting efficiency were measured on each trial. Jump height when shooting over RH+40 cm was significantly higher than RH+20 cm (+0.022 m, p = 0.030) and RH (+0.023 m, p = 0.029). Similarly, the ball entry angle was greater at RH+40 cm compared to RH (+7.19 °, p < 0.001) and RH+20 cm (+2.90°, p < 0.001). In contrast, shooting efficiency decreased significantly when shooting over RH+40 cm compared to RH (-10.79%, p = 0.048) and RH+20 cm (-8.95%, p = 0.015). We recorded the highest jump height (0.35 ± 0.08m, p < 0.001) and the lowest angle of entry (39.16 ± 1.19°, p < 0.001) when participants performed JS
. Shooting over higher opponents should be prioritised in training to significantly improve shooting efficiency. Future research is needed to determine additional potential biomechanical determinants of a successful jump shot in elite basketball.
Visual attention has a significant impact on shooting performance in basketball. Over the past 35 years, researchers have explored individual concepts of visual attention, such as gaze fixation, the ...number and direction of saccades, and their effects on shooting accuracy. The last gaze fixation, also known as the quiet eye, was found to be particularly important. The aim of this paper was therefore to systematically review the literature to present how visual attention and the quiet eye contribute to shooting performance and how they are affected by anxiety, training, defensive pressure, and fatigue. The 26 articles selected were divided into two categories; the first category included studies that examined visual attention during free throws, and the second category included studies examining jump shots. In addition, we performed a meta-analytic comparison to determine whether the duration of the quiet eye differs with respect to temporal constraints. Results show that for both jump shots with or without defence and free throws, a longer quiet eye durations and a lower number of gaze fixations are associated with better performance. For a successful shot, the quiet eye phase must occur at the right moment, which is likely due to visuomotor reaction latency prior to elbow extension. Furthermore, improvement in shooting performance can be achieved through quiet eye training or traditional training. Nevertheless, individual factors such as quiet eye timing, systematic training, and visual attention in top basketball players of different playing positions need to be further explored as this will provide even more information for individual’s improvement.
목적 본 연구는 핸드볼 경기 중 발생하는 9m 점프 슛에 대하여 골대, 골키퍼, 공의 상대적 위치에 따라 골키퍼 방어범위가 어떻게 변화하는지 알아보는 데 그 목적이 있다.
방법 제99회 전국체육대회 남자핸드볼 예선 7개 경기에서 발생한 231개의 9m 점프 슛 상황에서 공이 슈터의 손에서 떨어지는 시점을 기준으로 골대, 골키퍼, 공의 위치를 파악하고 이를 ...통해 골키퍼의 방어범위를 산출하였다. 영상분석은 Kwon3D 3.01 프로그램을 사용하였고, 3차원 좌표의 계산은 DLT방법을 이용하였다.
결과 첫째, 실제 핸드볼 골대의 크기는 가로 3m, 세로 2m이지만 골키퍼의 실질적 방어범위의 가로는 골대의 너비보다 좁았고, 세로는 골대의 높이보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 골키퍼가 정면이 아닌 측면에서 공격수의 슈팅을 방어할 경우, 골키퍼가 위치한 곳에서 가까운 쪽 골대보다 먼 쪽 골대의 방어범위의 상하폭이 더 길었다.
결론 핸드볼 골키퍼의 방어범위는 슈팅 높이와 골키퍼의 방어 위치가 중요한 요인으로 작용하며, 특히 골키퍼 훈련에 있어 골키퍼의 좌우 움직임보다는 상하 움직임이 더 중요하다는 것을 알고 훈련에 임하는 것이 경기력 향상에 도움이 된다는 것을 알 수 있다.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the goalkeeper’s area of defense and how the range varies depending on the relative position of the goal, goalkeeper, and ball in a 9-meter jump shot during handball matches. METHODS Data was collected from seven qualifying divisions in mens handball from the 99th National Sports Festival in Korea. A total of 231, 9-meter jump shots were analyzed with the goalkeeper‘s area of defense measured from the point the ball left the shooter’s hand and calculated based on the relative position of the goal, goalkeeper, and ball. Video analysis was conducted using the Kwon3D 3.01 program and three-dimensional coordinates calculated using the DLT method. RESULTS First, dimension of handball goals measure 3m wide and 2m high, however, results show that goalkeeper’s actual area of defense was narrower than the width of the goal posts, while vertically, area exceeded the height of the cross bar. Second, if the goalkeeper defended the striker’s shot from the side rather than from the front, the goalkeeper’s defense range was higher for the opposite side of the goal post than the near side of the goal post. CONCLUSIONS Key factors influencing goalkeeper’s area of defense include height of shot and position of goalkeeper. Results also indicate that vertical movements are more important than horizontal movements for goalkeepers in handball thus such implementation in training may lead to performance enhancement.
For basketball technique elements to become stable and automated, the technique must be executed correctly from the initial stages of the learning process. The jump shot is considered the most ...crucial shooting action, equally effective in various on-court situations. Ideal techniques may not unconditionally be the best for every player because they differ in motor and morphological characteristics. One of the shooting methods is shot with one hand from the spot, which, in terms of complexity and required motor abilities, is at a lower level of demand when compared to the jump shot. The first aim of this research is to define the kinematic pattern of the jump shot and the shot with one hand from the spot and determine if there are differences between them. The second aim is to establish whether there is a significant difference in the level of motor skills between the two groups. The participant sample consists of 29 junior basketball players. They were divided into two groups: G1 = players who perform the shot with one hand from the spot (N = 14); G2 = players who execute the jump shot (N = 15). MANOVA was used to determine the differences in observed kinematic parameters between the group and in the measured tests assessing motor abilities. The kinematic parameters of the upper extremities, the parameters of the basketball player’s take-off, and the angle of the ball’s impact were analyzed. It was determined that the kinematic pattern of these two shooting techniques significantly differs (F = 12.86, p = 0.00). There was a statistically significant difference between the group of participants performing the jump shot and the group performing the one-handed chest shot from the spot (F = 5.51, p = 0.00) in motor ability tests. The group that performed the jump shot showed significantly better results in three of the five measured tests (PLANK, MED_THR, POL_BACK). Shooting with one hand from the spot is a technically correct shooting method recommended to be performed until the player possesses a certain level of motor skills that enables proper execution of the jump shot.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute impact of resistance exercise on basketball shooting mechanics and accuracy. Ten resistance-trained recreationally active men with previous ...basketball playing experience (x̄ ± SD; height = 182.6 ± 9.7 cm; body mass = 79.2 ± 13.9 kg; age = 25.6 ± 5.5 years) performed control, upper-body, and lower-body training sessions in randomized order followed by 5 sets of stationary free-throw (4.57 m), two-point (5.18 m) and three-point (6.75 m) basketball shooting drills in 30 min time increments. Each testing session was separated 3–7 days apart. Kinematic variables during both the preparatory and release phases of the shooting motion were derived from a high-definition camera recording at 120 fps positioned 10 m away perpendicular to the participant's shooting plane of motion. Restricted maximum likelihood linear mixed-effects model analysis revealed that a combination of all fixed effects could account for <1% of the total variance in each dependent variable pertaining to basketball shooting mechanics. A 9.9–11.8% decrease in two-point and three-point shooting accuracy was observed immediately following an upper-body training session. However, the observed performance suppression disappeared 30 min post-exercise completion. Overall, the findings suggest that performing upper-body or lower-body resistance training prior to on-court practice sessions has no impact on free-throw, two-point, and three-point biomechanical parameters examined in the present study and a minor acute impact on mid-range and long-range shooting accuracy in male basketball players.
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