THE GLOBAL DECLINE OF THE LABOR SHARE Karabarbounis, Loukas; Neiman, Brent
The Quarterly journal of economics,
02/2014, Volume:
129, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The stability of the labor share of income is a key foundation in macroeconomic models. We document, however, that the global labor share has significantly declined since the early 1980s, with the ...decline occurring within the large majority of countries and industries. We show that the decrease in the relative price of investment goods, often attributed to advances in information technology and the computer age, induced firms to shift away from labor and toward capital. The lower price of investment goods explains roughly half of the observed decline in the labor share, even when we allow for other mechanisms influencing factor shares, such as increasing profits, capital-augmenting technology growth, and the changing skill composition of the labor force. We highlight the implications of this explanation for welfare and macroeconomic dynamics.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh deskripsi tentang peningkatan kemampuan menulis huruf kapital menggunakan metode drill pada siswa kelas II SDN Kembang bilo 1 Sukolilo Tuban Tahun Pelajaran ...2020/2021. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang mengikuti model spiral Kemmis dan McTaggart yang dilaksanakan secara bersiklus melalui empat tahap yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas II SDN Kembangbilo 1 Sukolilo Tuban dengan jumlah siswa 23 orang terdiri dari 10 orang laki-laki dan 13 orang perempuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melalui metode drill dapat meningkatkan kemampuan siswa menulis menggunakan huruf kapital di kelas II SDN Kembang bilo 1 Sukolilo Tuban. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, maka dapat diketahui bahwa hasil observasi kegiatan siswa dan guru pada siklus I mencapai kategori cukup, dan hasil evaluasi siklus I, jumlah siswa yang dinyatakan tuntas belajar individu mencapai 3 orang dari 23 orang siswa sehingga diperoleh hasil ketuntasan belajar klasikal mencapai 56,52%. Pada siklus II mengalami peningkatan hasil observasi kegiatan siswa dan guru mencapai kategori Sangat Baik dan hasil evaluasi siklus II, jumlah siswa yang dinyatakan tuntas belajar secara individu 22 orang dari 23 orang siswa, sehingga diperoleh hasil ketuntasan belajar klasikal mencapai 75,21%. Simpulan penelitian ini melalui metode drill dapat meningkatkan kemampuan menulis huruf kapital di kelas pada siswa kelas II SDN Kembangbilo 1 Sukolilo Tuban Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021.
We develop the institutional configuration perspective to understand which national contexts facilitate social entrepreneurship (SE). We confirm joint effects on SE of formal regulatory (government ...activism), informal cognitive (postmaterialist cultural values), and informal normative (socially supportive cultural norms, or weak-tie social capital) institutions in a multilevel study of 106,484 individuals in 26 nations. We test opposing propositions from the institutional void and institutional support perspectives. Our results underscore the importance of resource support from both formal and informal institutions, and highlight motivational supply side influences on SE. They advocate greater consideration of institutional configurations in institutional theory and comparative entrepreneurship research.
Die Familie gilt gemeinhin als eine geradezu archetypische Verkörperung von Solidargemeinschaft. Hierbei sollte jedoch nicht in Vergessenheit geraten, dass die Familie nicht nur ein «Hafen in einer ...herzlosen Welt» ist, sondern zugleich die Rolle einer zentralen Akteurin der gesellschaftlichen Reproduktion von ungleichen Lebenschancen und gesellschaftlichen Hierarchien spielt. Dieses Janusgesicht von Solidarität nach Innen und Selbstbehauptung und Reproduktion von ökonomischen und symbolischen Gütern nach Aussen, das durch Eduard von Hartmann treffend auf den Begriff Familienegoismus gebracht wurde, bringt die elementare Doppeldynamik von gesellschaftlicher Schliessung und Ausschliessung geradezu in Reinform zur Geltung.
This paper analyzes waves in international capital flows. We develop a new methodology for identifying episodes of extreme capital flow movements using data that differentiates activity by foreigners ...and domestics. We identify episodes of “surges” and “stops” (sharp increases and decreases, respectively, of gross inflows) and “flight” and “retrenchment” (sharp increases and decreases, respectively, of gross outflows). Our approach yields fundamentally different results than the previous literature that used measures of net flows. Global factors, especially global risk, are significantly associated with extreme capital flow episodes. Contagion, whether through trade, banking, or geography, is also associated with stop and retrenchment episodes. Domestic macroeconomic characteristics are generally less important, and we find little association between capital controls and the probability of having surges or stops driven by foreign capital flows. The results provide insights for different theoretical approaches explaining crises and capital flow volatility.
► We develop a new method to identify episodes of extreme capital flow movements. ► Using gross instead of net flows yields very different results than previous work. ► Global factors, especially global risk, are correlated with all types of episodes. ► Contagion through trade, banking and region are correlated with certain episodes. ► Domestic factors are less important. Capital controls do not reduce capital waves.
This book provides an up-to-date reading of Capital Volume I, emphasizing the relevance of Marx's analysis to everyday twenty-first century struggles. Harry Cleaver's treatise outlines and critiques ...Marx's analysis chapter by chapter. His unique interpretation of Marx's labour theory of value reveals how every theoretical category of Capital designates aspects of class struggle in ways that help us resist and escape them. At the same time, while rooted within the tradition of workerism, he understands the working class to include not only the industrial proletariat but also unwaged peasants, housewives, children and students. A challenge to scholars and an invaluable resource for students and activists today.
Prior studies demonstrate the role of various facets of CEOs’ individual characteristics in shaping a firm’s entrepreneurial orientation (EO). We complement this line of research by theorizing and ...testing the impact of CEOs’ social capital on EO. From an original, multisource survey data set of 122 Chinese technology firms, we find that a CEO’s bonding social capital with organizational members from various functional units has an inverted U-shaped relationship with firm EO, while the CEO’s bridging social capital with the firm’s diverse set of external stakeholders has a positive association with EO. In addition, we find that the relationship between CEO bridging social capital and EO becomes stronger as the firm’s environmental instability increases.
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