Hezbollah Norton, Augustus Richard
2018, 20180904, 2018-09-04, Volume:
69
eBook
With Hezbollah's entry into the Lebanese government in 2009 and forceful intervention in the Syrian civil war, the potent Shi'i political and military organization continues to play an enormous role ...in the Middle East. A hybrid of militia, political party, and social services and public works provider, the group is the most powerful player in Lebanon. Policymakers in the United States and Israel usually denounce Hezbollah as a dangerous terrorist organization and refuse to engage with it, yet even its adversaries need to contend with its durability and resilient popular support. Augustus Richard Norton's incisive account stands as the most lucid, informed, and balanced analysis of Hezbollah yet written--and this fully revised and updated edition features a new prologue and conclusion, as well as two new chapters largely devoted to the group's recent activities, including its involvement in Syria.Hezbollahis a work of perennial importance and remains essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the Middle East.
Empirijsko analitički pristup znanosti šumarske politike primijenjen je na primjeru specijalnog rezervata prirode „Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit“ (Srbija) s ciljem sveobuhvatne analize korisnika, ...njihovih interesa i potencijalnih sukoba interesa. Istraživanje je provedeno od kolovoza 2017. do kolovoza 2018. godine. Procjena intenziteta interesa identificiranih korisnika temelji se na kvalitativnoj analizi sadržaja i kritičkoj analizi te kombinaciji tehnika triangulacije, logičkog zaključivanja, indukcije i dedukcije. Unosom procijenjenog intenziteta interesa korisnika (vlasnici šuma – država i privatni šumovlasnici; zaposleni u šumarstvu; poduzeća/institucije – drvna industrija, pokrajinski sekretarijat, itd.; građani) u analitičku shemu jasno se mogla izdvojiti zona sukoba između korisnika s vrlo jakim interesom za korištenje drvne mase (Vojvodinašume, crkva, prerada drva) i korisnika koji pripadaju interesnom polju očuvanja/zaštite prirode (institucije zaštite prirode, građani). Uz navedeno, država tj. Vojvodinašume su u unutarnjem sukobu, jer (također) imaju vrlo snažan interes za proizvodnju drva s jedne strane i za zaštitu prirode s druge strane. Kako bi uravnotežila interese, država/pokrajina je u prednosti jer rješenje može potražiti interno, ali analitička shema pokazuje i da će rezultat neizbježno dovesti do sukoba s drugim korisnicima (drvnom industrijom ako se poveća opseg zaštite ili zaštitom prirode ako se pojača sječa drva). Koncept zaštitnih zona pokazuje trenutni kompromisni paket između zainteresiranih strana (stroga zaštita 6%, aktivna zaštita 29% i korištenje drva 65%), koji će opstati dok ga država bude mogla podržati političkim mjerama. Empirijsko analitički pristup omogućio je sveobuhvatni uvid u korisnike i interese vezane za Rit, a metodološka postavka je uz zaključake relevantne za daljnja znanstvena istraživanja stvorila osnovu za aktivniju komunikaciju rezultata s praksom.
This study, based on modified Schusser´s sequential method, was conducted from August 2017 to August 2018 with the aim of using accessible and familiar case example from Serbia to verify the claim of forest policy science - that users, their interests and potential conflicts of interest can be comprehensively identified and analysed while applying empirically analytical approach. On the example of special nature reserve Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit the intensity of user´s interest is assessed based on qualitative content analysis and critical reasoning in combination with the techniques of triangulation, induction and deduction. By entering the estimated intensity of user interests into the analytical sheme (users categorized as forest owners- state/province and private, forestry employees, enterprises/institutions and citizens), the first conflicting zone was identified between the very strong interests in forest utilization (priority of profitable timber harvesting) and the interest field comprising the very strong and strong user interests for nature conservation. In addition, the state/province (public enterprise Vojvodinašume) is in an internal conflict, having (also) a very strong interest in wood production (creating revenues) on the one hand and in nature conservation on another. In order to balance them (towards the general social interest), the state/province has an advantage of being in the position to look internally for a solution, but the analytical scheme also shows how potential changes could trigger conflicts with other users (wood industry if protection is increased or nature protection actors if logging intensifies). The current solution of protection zones, divided into strict protection 6%, active protection 29% and profitable use of wood 65%, reflects the actual compromise package between the state/province andinterests of remaining users, which will last as long as the state/province is in the position to support it with available political means.
Whereas individual discourses take into account only partial aspects, the current approach has provided a comprehensive insight into Rit´s actors and interests. Methodological set-up of existing theoretically-based analytical categories has offered conclusions relevant for further research, forming at the same time a strong basis for more active communication of results with practice: users can more clearly perceive each other’s positions and evaluate own abilities to act, while searching for the implementation concepts that work in practice.
U ovom članku istražujemo različite forme putopisa, medijskih izvještaja, diplomatskih zapisa, politika, istinosnih tvrdnji i svjedočanstava eksperata u kojima su različite narativne perspektive o ...balkanskim ratovima, kako starim (1912–1913) tako i novim (1991–1999), bile najevidentnije. Tvrdimo da su načini na koje su ove perspektive ukorijenjene u različitim vremenima i istorizacijama rezultovali u konstruisanju opšteprihvaćenih i zastarjelih predstava. U praktičnom smislu, istražujemo nekoliko obrazaca narativa koji su vodili senzacionalizmu medijske industrije i esencijalizaciji kolektivnog pamćenja. Uzeti zajedno, kao opšta odlika savremene politike i analize u dominantnom međunarodnom mišljenju, politici i nauci, ovi narativni obrasci pokazuju da se istorijsko znanje prenosi na načine koji stvaraju sadašnjost i predstavljaju izvještaje o drugoj prošlosti, kao i da se kolektivna vjerovanja aktera međunarodne zajednice konstruišu kao medijski događaji i javne hegemonističke predstave. Cilj nam je pokazati na koji način se određeni trenuci prekida istoricizuju i posljedično koriste i zloupotrebljavaju za anahronistično predstavljanje jugoistočne Evrope.
V članku avtor pokaže, kako v času množičnih protestov oz. vstaj med decembrom 2012 in aprilom 2013 v Sloveniji ne moremo govoriti o enotni ali homogeni civilni družbi niti o poenotenem vstajniškem ...gibanju. Kvalitativna metodologija poglobljenih intervjujev in fokusnih skupin, ki jo je uporabil, ko je analiziral obdobje vstaj, mu omogoča prepoznati konflikte, antagonizme in raznolikost medsebojnih odnosov med skupinami. Članek zato predvsem klasificira vstajniške skupine in definira razlike med njimi. Različne frakcije, iniciative in gibanja so zato razdeljene v tri večje razrede: skupine novih družbenih gibanj prvega in drugega vala, ki jih konceptualizira s pomočjo Offejeve teorije novih družbenih gibanj, ter skupino antisistemskih gibanj, ki jih konceptualizira s pomočjo avtorjev svetovno-sistemske analize
Taking into account the fact that, throughout history, certain artworks have been considered as “worth of watching” (according to the Greek etymon ἀξιοϑέατος / aksioteatos), preservation, or ...theorizing, while others were not, one is led to investigate the various types of evaluative descriptions. Those artworks that are more valuable than others, or simply valuable in themselves on the basis of rather specific features, have always represented the paradigmatic model for the evaluator, thus revealing the identitary nature of value as different from one epoch to another. Our aim has been to discern, with regard to this starting point, the way in which the process of evaluating artworks fits the general matrix of the universal theory of value, with its clearly distinguished levels of evaluation, beginning with value descriptions, continuing through the features of evaluation or abstract qualities of values extracted from these descriptions, and ending with value norms or systems of accepted generalizations in evaluation. Value standpoints in such an evaluation matrix represent dispositions or preferences in procedures, which reflect the norms or signifying concepts of the time. Corresponding procedures, or applications of the hierarchicized signification of artworks, are manifested in all known forms of artwork assessment: attribution, institutionalization, and setting of priorities in terms of exhibition, conservation, acquisition, restoration, and so on. Research in the history of European art-historical ideas has corroborated the hypothesis that, prior to the late 18th century, clear normative patterns were applied when it came to the evaluation of artworks. However, with the emergence of early Romanticism, this could no longer be done in the traditional way. Before the period in question, visual art was created (regardless of some stylistic discrepancies between individual authors) and classified according to well-defined thematic areas and functions. Such qualifications made it possible to distinguish clearly between major stylistic periods, creating the impression of development regardless of the later evaluative classifications of individual cycles in historical production thus understood. A comparison between the axiological matrix and the features of individual historical periods has revealed, on the one hand, a stable relationship between the functionally nomological features of artistic productions and the cultural instrumentalizations of art, and on the other a stable relationship between the overtly semantic conceptualizations in the epoch of modernism and the ostensibly structural mode of artistic expression. In the postmodern period, all that was once understood as the stylistic language of form, or the autonomy of the artefact, has been transformed in the evasive media multiplication of the postindustrial epoch into a whole series of reproductive languages, replicas, transfers, copies, or simulacra, and forced into a relationship of permanent detachment with regard to the “original” (source). Thus, instead of an artwork in context, the context itself is now presented as an artwork, structured all over again according to some of the possible principles in the theoretical choice of interpretation. The impossibility of defining precisely the boundaries of the medium, and its increasing dematerialization, have made it more difficult to apply universal evaluative criteria to a particular artwork, which has led to a conflict between cultural evaluation and the subjection of experience to the semantic functions of evaluations. Nevertheless, recent research on perception in the field of neuroscience has indicated that the sensory perception of the external world and the assignation of meaning to those perceptions indeed happen simultaneously, and that these processes cannot take place separated from one another. The conclusion shows that the modern evaluation conflicts are largely a consequence of an irreversible and entropic state of culture in the 21st century. We should therefore aim at a revision, not so much of the hitherto accepted and standardized values, but rather of the present systems of evaluation and the ensuing evaluative descriptions of art.
Osnovni cilj prikazanog istraživanja bio je sticanje uvida u osnovne karakteristike konflikata i konfliktnog ponašanja u vršnjačkim grupama. Uzorak se sastoji od 655 ispitanika prosečnog uzrasta 12 ...godina. Za potrebe istraživanja konstruisana je Baterija upitnika namenjenih proceni ponašanja ispitanika u konfliktnim situacijama, i ona obuhvata: teme vršnjačkih sukoba, procenu frekvencije i intenziteta sukoba, kao i Skalu strategija za rešavanje konflikata. Rezultati su pokazali da su najčešće teme konflikata u vršnjačkoj grupi su ogovaranje, zadirkivanje, sukob mišljenja i kompeticija. Sukobi sa vršnjacima nisu visoko frekventni i umerenog su intenziteta. Konstruktivne strategije za rešavanje konflikata sa vršnjacima (asertivne i usmerene na rešavanje problema) su najviše zastupljene; zatim slede pasivne strategije (distrakcija i izbegavanje) i traženje socijalne podrške, dok su se kao najmanje preferirane strategije pokazale strategije rešavanja konflikata koje uključuju neki od vidova agresivnog ponašanja.
Po državljanski vojni, ko je bila nujno potrebna družbeno-politična reorganizacija, so ameriške univerze prispevale k procesu ponovne vzpostavitve notranjega ravnovesja moči v državi. Tako so ...poskusili okrepiti politične stranke in razviti regije kot politično diskretne ozemeljske enote, ki jih je bilo razmeroma lahko upravljati. V 20. stoletju je politika lokalne centralizacije na regionalni ravni skupaj s priložnostjo, ki jo je ponujala potreba po učinkovitejšem upravljanju mest, prerasla v zavedanje, da naj bi precejšnji prispevek akademske skupnosti politiki pomagal ponovno vzpostaviti merila upravljanja za celotno državo. Da bi se dokumentirale in preučile nekatere najpomembnejše povezave med načrti univerzitetnih kampusov in načrtovanjem mest v Čikagu, je v članku predstavljeno več načrtov univerzitetnih kampusov in načrtovalskih strategij, pri čemer lahko »mesto« razumemo kot metonimijo za celotno družbo. Obdobje od odprtja kampusa univerze v Čikagu leta 1890 do prve polovice 60. let prejšnjega stoletja razkriva povezave med načrtovanjem kampusa in mesta.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- The research subject in this paper, is the sustainable management of the
media in terms of social conflicts and crises in the late ...twentieth and early
twenty-first century: from the revolution in Romania (December, 1989.), which
was a turning point for the role of media in social conflicts and crises,
till December 2009. Social conflicts are here seen as an essential
characteristic of the historical development of human society, which is not
necessarily inherent to the human community at all levels of its development.
The scientific objective of the research in this paper is the acquisition of
new knowledge about current and possible impact of media management on
humanization of human relations in the areas of prevention, outbreak, course
and resolution of social conflicts and crises, which will prove the
hypothesis set out in the paper. Realization of research that has its
objective defined in such manner, necessarily starts on the analysis of the
current activity of the media in social conflicts and crises, in order to
come to projections of possible exposure. Social objective of this research
is defining a Declaration proposal for sustainable media in terms of social
conflicts and crisis, as a basis for discusion and creation of a draft for:
a) behaviour codex of sustainable media in social conflicts and crisis; b)
sustainable media management codex. General hypothesis, set out in this
paper, states: "Sustainable management of media in social conflicts and
crises can have a significant beneficial impact on the humanization of human
relations in the areas of prevention, course and resolution of social
conflicts and crises. Sustainable Management of the media can make a
significant favorable impact on the degree of human rights and freedoms,
reduction of violence and intensification of non-violent communication in
social conflicts and crises, also the humane resolving of conflicts and
crises and their preclusion." This hypothesis is divided into eight separate
hypotheses, which have been proven through research that included: a) seven
case studies, five of them related to media actions in terms (of latent and
manifest) social conflicts and crises (1- Media presentation of 1. Gulf war;
2- Media actions during the crisis and conflicts in Estonia; 3- Ethnic
conflicts and media actions in Moldova; 4- Ethnic conflicts in Armenia and
media reports on subject; 5- Alleged massacre of 41 Serbian children in
Borovo village), and two related on media presentation of conflicts that
occur outside of home country of media and its auditorium (6- Photography as
a symbol in presentation of conflict that occur outside home country of media
and its auditorium; 7- Media presentation of Kunduz incident: 4th September
2009); b) content analysis of newspaper "Dnevnik" front pages, during 62
consecutive days (August, 1990. and January 1991), which was aimed to
determine the method of operation of the media in the latent phase of the
conflict; c) comparative analysis of action models of media management in
terms of social conflicts and crises; d) analysis, definition and design of
possible action plan for sustainable management of the media in order to
prevent, humanize and overcome social conflicts and crises. It is here shown
that: a) In terms of social conflicts and crises, the media cease to be mere
purveyors of information and become direct participants in community events;
b) The media influence the outbreak, course and resolution of social
conflicts and crises; c) Managing the media in social conflicts and the
crisis is directly dependant on the attitude of media management towards
social conflicts in general and according to specific social conflicts and
crises that the media present, d) Sustainable management of the media can
significantly modify the common actions of media in social conflicts and
crises; e) Sustainable management of the media can make a significant
positive effect on the degree of respect for human rights and freedoms,
reduction of violence and the intensification of non-violent communication
before the outbreak of social conflicts and crises, during their lifetime and
after the dismissal; f) Sustainable management of the media can contribute
significantly to effective prevention of social conflicts and crises; g)
Sustainable management of the media can make a significant favorable impact
on the humane resolution of conflicts and. In addition, the paper proves: •
That the methods of operation and influence of the media during the latent
and manifest conflict phases; • That in stage of manifest conflict media can
directly influence the course of the conflict and behavior of participants in
the conflict, concluded with creating conditions for motivation of war
crimes, • That media can significantly affect the attitude of domestic public
toward conflicts and crises that occur outside home country of the media and
its audience. Based on the conclusions, this paper proposes two innovative
elements: a) "basic consensus minimum" (which is based on values that are
independent of economic, ethnic, religious, or cultural characteristics of
different parties, or those based on history, tradition and positions of
power), as a new, humane and generally human, element for creating a baseline
in the prevention of conflicts and their resolving b) the proposal of
possible elements for future defining of sustainable management of the media,
where sustainable media mean "free, independent, socially responsible,
professionally and economically successful media, that base their actions on
the right of every man to be well informed, educated, be familiar with all
the relevant achievements of mankind throughout history and today, in a way
that respects the right to diversity, including the right to use native
language, right on dignity and dignifying life of every person, regardless of
their ethnic, religious, political, gender, sexual orientation or another
diversities, with the acceptance of the maxim that human rights are limited
only by equal rights of other humans and the right of future generations to
enjoy natural and artificial resources of our planet.- Predmet istraživanja, u ovom radu, je održivi menadžment medija u uslovima
društvenih konflikata i kriza, krajem dvadesetog i početkom dvadesetprvog
veka: od revolucije u Rumuniji (decembar 1989. godine), koja je predstavljala
prekretnicu u pogledu uloge medija u društvenim konfliktima i krizama, do
decembra 2009. godine. Društveni konflikti se u radu posmatraju kao bitna
karakteristika istorijskog razvoja ljudskog društva, koja ne mora biti nužno
imanentna ljudskoj zajednici na svim nivoima njenog razvoja. Naučni cilj
istraživanja, u ovom radu, je sticanje novih saznanja o sadašnjem i mogućem
uticaju menadžmenta medija na humanizaciju ljudskih odnosa u oblasti
prevencije, izbijanja, toka i razrešenja društvenih konflikata i kriza,
odnosno - dokazivanje hipoteza postavljenih u radu. Realizacija istraživanja
koje ima ovako definisan cilj, nužno polazi od analize sadašnjeg delovanja
medija u društvenim konfliktima i krizama, kako bi se došlo do projekcije
mogućeg delovanja. Društveni cilj istraživanja je definisanje predloga
Deklaracije o održivim medijima u društvenim konfliktima i krizama, kao
osnove za diskusiju i definisanje osnovnih elemenata nacrta: a) kodeksa
ponašanja održivih medija u društvenim konfliktima i krizama; b) kodeksa
održivog menadžmenta medija. Opšta hipoteza, postavljena u radu, glasi:
"Održivi menadžment medija u društvenim konfliktima i krizama može imati
značajan povoljan uticaj na humanizaciju ljudskih odnosa u oblasti
prevencije, toka i razrešenja društvenih konflikata i kriza. Održivi
menadžment medija može izvršiti značajan povoljan uticaj na stepen poštovanja
ljudskih prava i sloboda, smanjenje nasilja i intenziviranje nenasilne
komunikacije tokom društvenih konflikata i kriza, kao i na humano razrešenje
konflikata i kriza i njihovo predupređivanje." Ova hipoteza je raščlanjena na
osam posebnih hipoteza, koje su dokazane kroz istraživanje koje je
obuhvatilo: a) sedam studija slučaja, od kojih se pet odnosi na delovanje
medija u uslovima (latentnih i manifestnih) društvenih konflikata i kriza (1-
Medijska slika Prvog zalivskog rata; 2 - Delovanje medija tokom krize i
konflikata u Estoniji; 3 - Etnički konflikti i delovanje medija u Moldaviji;
4 - Etnički konflikti u Jermeniji i medijski izveštaji o njima; 5 - Navodni
masakr 41 srpskog deteta u Borovom Naselju), a dva na medijsku prezentaciju
konflikata koji se dešavaju izvan matične zemlje medija i njegovog
auditorijuma (6 - Fotografija kao simbol u prezentaciji konflikta koji se
dešava izvan matične države medija i medijske publike; 7 - Medijska
prezentacija incidenta u Kunduzu, 4. septembra 2009. godine); b) analizu
sadržaja naslovnih strana lista "Dnevnik" tokom 62 uzastopna dana (avgust
1990. godine i januar 1991. godine), koja je imala za cilj utvrđivanje metoda
delovanja medija u latentnoj fazi konflikta; v) uporednu analizu modela
delovanja menadžmenta medija u uslovima društvenih konflikata i kriza; g)
analizu, definisanje i projektovanje mogućeg delovanja održivog menadžmenta
medija u cilju prevencije, humanizacije i prevazilaženja društvenih
konflikata i kriza. U radu je pokazano da: a) U društvenim konfliktima i
krizama mediji prestaju da budu samo prenosioci informacija i postaju
direktni učesnici društvenih događaja; b) Mediji značajno utiču na izbijanje,
tok i razrešenje društvenih konflikata i kriza; v) Upravljanje medijima u
društvenim konfliktima i krizama u direktnoj je zavisnosti od stava
menadžmenta medija prema društvenim konfliktima generalno i prema konkretnim
društvenim konfliktima i krizama koje medij prezentuje; g) Održivi menadžment
medija može bitno izmeniti do sada uobičajeno delovanje medija u društvenim
konfliktima i krizama; d) Održivi menadžment medija može izvršiti značajan
povoljan uticaj na st
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