Od 19. st. dalje se z intenzifikacijo živinoreje in vse večjih potreb po mesnih izdelkih za krmo živine uporabljajo predvsem rastline z velikim hektarskim donosom in hranljivostjo. Med njimi ...prevladuje silažna koruza, ki je zelo ranljiva za pomanjkanje vode ter vročinske valove, če se ti pojavijo v ključnih fenofazah. V članku z vidika kriterija rastlinske odpornosti na sušo in ekonomike pridelovanja iščemo možnosti uporabe drugih krmnih rastlin, predvsem krmnih žit in metuljnic, kot alternativo silažni koruzi.
This study was carried out in Khuzestan province in Iran and aim of investigation was energy analysis (input-output) of maize production systems in Izeh County of Iran. Data were collected from 30 ...maize farms by using a face to face questionnaire method in 2011. The results revealed that in maize production systems total energy input was 34.640 MJ.ha-1. The highest share of energy consumed was recorded for N fertilizer (20.80%) which is a nonrenewable resource. Output energy was 102.973 MJ.ha-1. Accordingly, energy use efficiency (output-input ratio) was 2.97, energy productivity calculated as 0.20 kg.MJ-1 and net energy was observed as 68.333 MJ.Kg-1. Also, agrochemical energy ratio was 48.97% which is high ratio of input energy in this agro ecosystems.
Raziskava energetske učinkovitosti pridelave koruze je bila opravljena v provinci Khuzestan, okrožja Izeh v Iranu. Podatki za raziskavo so bili pridobljeni z ustnim anketiranjem 30 pridelovalcev koruze v letu 2011. Rezultati so pokazali, da je bil celokupen vnos energije v ta pridelovalni sistem 34,640 MJ.ha-1. Največji delež porabljene energije odpade na dušikova gnojila (20,80 %), kar predstavlja neobnovljivi vir. Izplen energije je znašal 102, 973 MJ.ha-1. Učinkovitost izrabe energije (vnos/iznos) je bila 2,97, izračunana energetska produktivnost je bila 0,20 kg.MJ-1, neto energija pridelka je znašala 68,333 MJ.Kg-1. Agrokemijsko energijsko razmerje je bilo 48,97 %, kar predstavlja dokaj velik vnos energije v tem agro-ekosistemu.
Several phytopathogenic Fusarium species occurring worldwide on cereals as causal agents of 'head blight' (scab) of small grain cereals and 'ear rot' of maize, are capable of accumulating, in ...infected kernels, several mycotoxins some of which of notable impact to human and animal health. Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, F. avenaceum and Microdochium nivale predominantly cause Fusarium diseases of small-grain cereals. Maize is predominantly attacked by F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans. The review is focused on the influence of climatic variables, particularly temperature, humidity and rainfall on growth, reproduction, survival, competitive ability, mycotoxicity and pathogenicity of Fusarium fungi commonly isolated from wheat, barley and maize.
The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union (EU) demand specific management. The EU recommendations for the management of different agricultural practices are oriented ...towards the sustainable agriculture in the frame of flexible coexistence. Coexistence may be affected by the adventitious presence of genetically modified organisms (APGM) in non-GM crops along the supply chain. Various biological and environmental parameters as well as technical management have influence on the occurrence and the degree of APGM. These parameters are being used for the development of preventive coexistence measures in individual EU countries. Applicability of the prescribed coexistence measures is critically reviewed, also in the view of possible introduction of GM maize cultivation in Slovenia. From the review, it is concluded that some coexistence measures are not in line with coexistence principles because they demand excessive work and are sometimes difficult to implement in practice. Alternative cooperation of different cropping systems are discussed for potential future implementation. The review is focused on maize, the predominant GM crop cultivated in the EU and an interesting crop for cultivation in Slovenia.
Uvajanje gensko spremenjenih (GS) rastlin v pridelavo v Evropski uniji (EU) zahteva posebne ukrepe za zagotavljanje soobstoja različnih sistemov pridelovanja. Evropska priporočila za soobstoj spodbujajo upravljanje različnih pridelovalnih sistemov v smeri trajnostnega kmetijstva. Na soobstoj vpliva naključna, nenamerna prisotnost gensko spremenjenih organizmov (APGM) v gensko nespremenjenih pridelkih in proizvodih vzdolž celotne pridelovalne verige. Na prisotnost in stopnjo APGM vplivajo številni dejavniki, kot so biološki in okoljski ter načini upravljanja. Na podlagi teh dejavnikov so pripravljeni ukrepi za zagotavljanje soobstoja različnih kmetijskih praks. Podrobneje smo pregledali uporabnost posameznih ukrepov v luči možnosti uvedbe pridelovanja gensko spremenjene koruze v Sloveniji. Iz preglednega prispevka ugotavljamo, da nekateri ukrepi niso v skladu s temeljnimi načeli soobstoja, da zahtevajo ogromno dela in so zato v praksi težko izvedljivi. V razpravi smo predstavili alternativne načine upravljanja kmetijskih praks, ki bi jih lahko izvajali v prihodnosti. V prispevku smo se osredotočili na koruzo, ki je prevladujoča gensko spremenjena poljščina v EU in najbolj zanimiva za uvajanje v Sloveniji.
In maize breeding one of the most important roles belongs to selection of parents with good combining abilities. The data associated with combining ability and heritability of particular characters ...can be obtained from diallels. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the leaf area (LA) of 10 inbred lines and their F1 hybrids. Based on a diallel (without reciprocals) GCA and SCA were calculated. The components of the genetic variance were calculated using Griffing's (1956) method 2. The maximum LA value was determined for the combination L6xL10 (788.6 cm2), whereas the minimum for the combination L4xL5 (558.9 cm2). The average value of F1 generation was 678.8 cm2 and the variation range was from +109.8 cm2 to -119.9 cm2. Both, the GCA and SCA for LA were significant at p=0.01. The highest value of GCA was obtained for L2 (+31.33), whereas the lowest for L4 (-38.07). The highest value of SCA was determined for L6xL10 (+156.73).
V žlahtnjenju rastlin igra eno od najpomembnejših vlog selekcija roditeljev z dobrimi kombinacijskimi sposobnostmi za želene lastnosti, ki jih običajno ugotavljamo z dialelnimi križanji. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti kombinacijsko sposobnost 10 samooplodnih linij koruze ter njihovih križancev za listno površino (LP). Na osnovi njihovih dialelnih križancev (brez recipročnih križancev) je bila za LP izračunana splošna (SKS) in posebna (PKS) kombinacijska sposobnost. Komponente genetske variabilnosti so bile računane po metodi 2 Griffingovega modela (1956) računanja kombinacijskih sposobnosti. Največja LP je bilaugotovljena za križanec L6xL10, (788,6 cm2), najmanjša pa za križanec L4xL5 (558,9 cm2), medtem ko je bila povprečna vrednost vseh križancev 678,8 cm2. Tako za SKS kot za PKS so bile ugotovljene statistično značilne razlike med križanci pri p=0,01. Največja vrednost SKS za LP je bila ugotovljena pri L2 (+31,33), najnižja pa pri L4 (−38,07), medtem ko je bila največja vrednost PKS ugotovljena za križanec L6xL10 (+156,73).
Despite the fact that successive sowing of maize was legally limited due to the occurrence of the corn rootworm beetle in 2003 and the integrated crop production was introduced in 2004, maize is ...still the most common and desired crop on arable and livestock farms in Slovenia. With a focus on the economic motives for the production farmers are gradually beginning to consider also the phytosanitary viewpoint, but the planning of a crop rotation is a demanding task, especially for younger farmers with no previous experience. The results of the analysis of crop rotations on conventional and integrated arable and livestock farms in north-east and western Slovenia in the period from 2000 to 2009 show that the maize monoculture has been supplemented by other grains, mostly wheat and barley, but legumes and supplementary crops are still missing from the rotation. With newly introduced crops to Slovene fields the need for new and modern agro-technical measures is increasing and also the need for improved knowledge of biological characteristics of individual varieties and species with their suitable order and share in the crop rotation. To help the farmers find the best solution for their production we have prepared some recommendations for the crop rotations with the main and supplementary crops, following good and proven examples of crop rotations used in the past. Whether farmers will use them on their farms depends not only on their technical equipment and knowledge, flexibility and receptiveness, but also on the legislative measures and sustainable nature of EU agricultural policy where farmers got used to be paid for every function and production that is environmentally and food friendly.
V Sloveniji je koruza, kljub zakonski omejitvi zaporedne setve zaradi pojava koruznega hrošča leta 2003 in vključevanja kmetij v integrirano pridelavo poljščin leta 2004, še vedno najbolj razširjena in zaželena poljščina na poljedelsko-živinorejskih kmetijah. Ekonomski vidik pridelave postopoma upošteva fitosanitarnega. Načrtovanje kolobarja je zahtevno, zlasti za mlajše kmete, ki nimajo izkušenj iz preteklosti. Rezultati analize kolobarjev na konvencionalnih in integriranih poljedelsko-živinorejskih kmetijah v severovzhodni in v zahodni Sloveniji v obdobju od leta 2000 do 2009 kažejo, da so monokulturo koruze razbremenila druga žita, zlasti pšenica in ječmen, manjkajo pa stročnice in dosevki. Z novo vključenimi poljščinami se povečujejo potrebe ne le po novi in sodobni agrotehniki, ampak tudi po poznavanju bioloških zakonitosti posameznih vrst in sort ob hkratni primerni razporeditvi in deležu v kolobarju. V oporo kmetom smo sestavili nekaj biološko uravnoteženih kolobarjev iz glavnih posevkov in dosevkov, ki se zgledujejo po preizkušenih vrstilnih kolobarjih iz preteklosti. Njihova uporaba na kmetijah bo odvisna ne le od tehnične opremljenosti kmetije, znanja, dojemljivosti in prožnosti gospodarjev ampak v glavnem od zakonskih predpisov in sonaravnih usmeritev kmetijske politike v EU, kjer so se kmetje navadili na plačilo za vsako okolju in hrani prijaznejše opravilo in postopek pridelave.
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