The aim of our experiment was to improve fungicide spray deposition and coverage of potato leaves by using air-injector nozzle types. We used two standard nozzle types - a flat fan nozzle ST and a ...hollow cone nozzle TR, as well as a couple of air-injector nozzle types - an air-injector compact nozzle IDK and a symmetric double flat fan air-injector nozzle TWIN (with a 30 ° forward and a 30 ° backward spray jet angle). Water-sensitive paper was placed on the upper, middle and lower part of the plant in order to determine the quality of fungicide deposition and the ability of droplets to penetrate lower parts of the plant. When using the air-injector compact nozzle IDK, potato leaves were covered well at all three levels of the plant. The use of the above-mentioned nozzle resulted in the lowest reduction in coverage value and droplet impression area from the top towards the lowest part of the plant. Furthermore, the nozzle created large enough droplets with sufficient mass and speed to penetrate the dense canopy all the way to the lowest part of the plant. When using the symmetric double flat fan air-injector nozzle TWIN, the angle of both spray jets was excessively wide in order for the droplets to reach the lower part of the plant despite a very large droplet impression area. The use of both standard nozzle types resulted in a poor spray mixture coverage of the middle and lower part of the plant. This predominantly occurred due to insufficient droplet size and the subsequent lack of kinetic energy. Results show that the use of a newer air-injector compact nozzle IDK improves the deposition and coverage of potato leaves with spray mixture.
Namen poskusa je bil izboljšanje nanosa in pokritosti listov krompirja s škropilno brozgo pri uporabi novejših izvedb injektorskih šob. Uporabili smo dve standardni izvedbi šob, špranjasto šobo ST in vrtinčno šobo TR ter dve injektorski izvedbi šob, šobo IDK in šobo z dvojnim simetričnim curkom TWIN (škropilni curek pod kotom 30 o naprej in 30 o nazaj). Na zgornji, srednji in spodnji del rastline smo namestili na vodo občutljive lističe, da bi pri uporabljenih šobah ugotovili kakovost fungicidnega nanosa in sposobnost prodiranja kapljic v spodnje dele rastlin. Ugotovili smo, da je bila najboljša pokritost listov krompirja na vseh etažah pri uporabi injektorske šobe IDK. Pri tej šobi je bilo najmanjše zmanjšanje odstotka pokritosti in površine odtisa posamezne kapljice od vrha proti spodnjemu delu rastline. Ta šoba tvori dovolj velike kapljice, ki imajo veliko hitrost in zadostno maso, da lahko prodrejo skozi gost listni sestoj do spodnjega dela rastline. Pri injektorski šobi z dvojnim simetričnim curkom TWIN je bil kot obeh škropilnih curkov prevelik, da bi kapljice zadele spodnji del rastline, kljub temu da je bila površina odtisa posamezne kapljice zelo velika. Pri obeh standardnih izvedbah šob je bila preslaba pokritost s škropilno brozgo v srednjem in spodnjem delu rastline predvsem zaradi premajhnih kapljic in posledično premajhne kinetične energije. Rezultati kažejo izboljšanje depozicije in pokritosti listov krompirja s škropilno brozgo pri uporabi novejše injektorske šobe IDK.
Opisana je zgodovina hranjenja in vzgoje novih sort krompirja v Sloveniji, od prvih sortnih poskusov leta 1895 na Ljubljanskem barju, do varietetnega vrta po letu 1935 na Bokalcah. Z vzgojo novih ...sort so na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije začeli leta 1949 in do leta 1999 vzgojili 15 novih slovenskih sort krompirja. Z novim programom žlahtnjenja smo po letu 1993 vzgojili 9 na PVY odpornih sort krompirja. Slovenske sorte krompirja: 'Igor', 'Cvetnik', 'Dobrin', 'Jubilej', 'Karmin', 'Vesna', 'Matjaž', 'Jana', 'Jaka', 'Meta', 'Tone', 'Kresnik', 'Cita', 'Pšata', 'Bistra', 'KIS Mirna', 'KIS Sora', 'KIS Sotla', 'KIS Kokra', 'KIS Mura', 'KIS Vipava' in 'KIS Krka' se hrani na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije v laboratoriju za tkivne kulture in vitro kot rastline in mikrogomolje ter kot rastline v mrežniku in na polju. Sortno pristnost zagotavljamo z metodo mikrosatelitskih markerjev.
The history of potato breeding and gene bank in Slovenia is described. First variety trials were organized in 1895 in Ljubljansko barje, followed by variety garden in Bokalce after 1935. Breeding of new potato varieties started at Kmetisjski inštitut Slovenije in 1949 and 15 varieties had been released until 1999. 9 new potato varieties resistant to PVY has been developed in a new breeding programme after 1993. At Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije slovenian potato varieties are maintained as in vitro plantlets in tissue culture lab, as micro tubers, and as plants in screenhouse and in the field: 'Igor', 'Cvetnik', 'Dobrin', 'Jubilej', 'Karmin', 'Vesna', 'Matjaž', 'Jana', 'Jaka', 'Meta', 'Tone', 'Kresnik', 'Cita', 'Pšata', 'Bistra', 'KIS Mirna', 'KIS Sora', 'KIS Sotla', 'KIS Kokra', 'KIS Mura', 'KIS Vipava' and 'KIS Krka'. Variety identity is checked by microsatelite markers.
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate rural women's attitudes to their participation in the decision-making process and production of potato crops in Shoushtar, Iran. It is an applied ...research for which a descriptive-correlation method is chosen. Using the documentary study methodology and field study, required data have been collected and then described in terms of frequency, percentage and standard deviation. According to the size of population, the number of samples was determined to be 288 people. According to the results, there is a significant correlation between the level of attitude and participation in the decision-making process and production. Also, the rural women's higher levels of attitude to their participation in decision-making processes regarding crop production and farm work improves their self-confidence, sense of independence and power and, therefore, encourages them to participate in those activities effectively.
Cilj raziskave je ovrednotiti držo podeželskih žensk do njihove udeležbe v procesu odločanja in pridelave krompirja v Shoushtarju v Iranu. Gre za aplikativno raziskavo, pri kateri je uporabljena deskriptivno-korelacijska metoda. Želeni podatki so bili zbrani s pomočjo študija metodološke literature in terenske raziskave, predstavljeni pa so s frekvencami, odstotki in variancami. Glede na velikost populacije je bil izbran vzorec, ki je zajemal 288 ljudi. Rezultati so nakazali močno povezavo med odnosom do dela ter participacijo v procesih odločanja in pridelave. Rezultati so prav tako pokazali, da boljša drža žensk do njihove participacije v procesu odločanja glede pridelovanja in dela na kmetiji izboljša njihovo samozavest, občutek neodvisnosti in moči ter jih tako spodbuja k učinkovitemu sodelovanju v teh dejavnostih.
In the period from 2005 to 2009 225 samples of apples, lettuce and potatoes from Slovene producers included in integrated pest management (IPM) were analysed for plant protection product (PPP) ...residues. The samples were analysed for the presence of more than 200 different active compounds using four analytical methods. In 38.7% of apple samples residues were not detected, 58.6% of apple samples contained residues lower than or equal to Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) while 2.7% of apple samples exceeded MRLs. In 84.6% of lettuce samples residues were not detected, 12.3% of lettuce samples contained residues lower than or equal to MRLs while 3.1% of lettuce samples exceeded MRLs. In 98.0% of potato samples residues were not detected, 2.0% of potato samples contained residues lower than or equal to MRLs and no potato samples exceeded MRLs. Multiple residues were found only in apples and lettuce. The trend observed during the years was the decrease of sample portion of samples containing multiple residues in apples from 2005 to 2008. The most frequently found active substance in apples and lettuce was dithiocarbamates. In potato only phosalone was found.
V obdobju od 2005 do 2009 smo na ostanke fitofarmacevtskih sredstev (FFS) analizirali 225 vzorcev jabolk, solate in krompirja slovenskih proizvajalcev vključenih v integrirano pridelavo (IP). Vse vzorce smo analizirali s štirimi analitskimi metodami na prisotnost več kot 200 različnih aktivnih spojin. V 38,7% vzorcev jabolk ostankov nismo določili, 58,6% vzorcev jabolk je vsebovalo ostanke manjše ali enake maksimalnim dovoljenim količinam ostankov (MRL) medtem ko je 2,7% vzorcev jabolk preseglo MRL vrednosti. V 84.6% vzorcev solate ostankov nismo določili, 12,3% vzorcev solate je vsebovalo ostanke manjše ali enake MRL vrednostim medtem ko je 3,1% vzorcev solate preseglo MRL vrednosti. V 98,0% vzorcev krompirja ostankov nismo določili, 2,0% vzorcev krompirja je vsebovalo ostanke manjše ali enake MRL vrednostim in nobeden vzorec krompirja ni presegel MRL vrednosti. Ostanke dveh ali več aktivnih spojin smo določili le v jabolkih in solati. Trend, ki smo ga opazili tekom let je, da delež vzorcev, ki vsebujejo ostanke dveh ali več aktivnih spojin v jabolkih, pada od leta 2005 do 2008. Najpogosteje najdena aktivna snov v jabolkih in solati je ditiokarbamati. V krompirju smo določili le fosalon.
The combination or stacking different genes in transgenic plants to achieve
disease and pest control and/or higher crop yield is one of a major method
of contemporary biotechnology. Oryzacystatins I ...and II (OCI and OCII),
inhibitors with different specificity, show potential in controlling pests
that utilize cysteine proteinases for protein digestion. To strengthen this
inhibitory range and, possibly, achieve an additive effect in the overall
efficiency of these proteins against pests, both cystatins were co-expressed
in three potato cultivars. Oryzacystatin genes pyramiding in Dragačevka and
Desiree cultivars were achieved by co-transformation with OCI and OCII genes
co-integration frequency of 20-22%. For Jelica cultivar sequential
re-transformation was more efficient approach: OCII gene integration
frequency following re-transformation of an OCI-expressing line was 91%.
Additionally, pyramiding of different oryzacystatin genes, by co- or
re-transformation approach, were achieved using the nptII gene as the only
selection marker. Wounding induction of OCI and OCII gene transcripts and
accumulation of biologically active OCI and OCII recombinant proteins was
confirmed in all analyzed OCI/OCII transformed lines. OCI/OCII potato lines
did not exhibit morphological abnormalities, indicating low level of
somaclonal variation or interference of the recombinant OCI or OCII with
host plant metabolism. In the absence of significant mortality, feeding
Colorado potato beetle larvae (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) on
OCI/OCII-expressing foliage had an impact on various aspects of the growth
and developmental performances of larvae. Larvae feeding on transformed
potato leaves tended to molt earlier and, especially during L2-L3 stages,
gain weight up to 29.7% faster and consume leaf material up to 29.1% faster,
compared to those on untransformed foliage. Larvae on OCI/OCII foliage were
also reach maximum weight gained three days earlier and slow down earlier in
preparation for pupation. Despite their faster growth and feeding, with
similar efficiencies of conversion of ingested food, L4 larvae reared on
transformed foliage were not compensating presence of the recombinant
oryzacystatins in the diet. Compared to those on untransformed foliage,
maximum weight gained and amount of foliage consumed were up to 19.4% and
18.5%, respectively, lower for the larvae fed on OCI/OCII potato foliage.
Larval weight reduction on OCI/OCII foliage resulted in adult emergence with
up to 26.3% reduced body mass. Analysis of total digestive proteinases
activity showed initially, up to 56%, reduction in digestive capacity of L3
potato beetle larvae, accompanied with inhibition of cysteine proteinase
specific activity up to 62% (acute effect). However, by continual ingestion
of OCI/OCII potato foliage total and cysteine proteinases specific
activities were at control level, suggesting compensatory responses of
larvae protease system to the presence of recombinant oryzacystatins in the
diet. The observed alterations in larval feeding and growth performance can
be interpreted as regulatory responses aimed at stabilizing the final body
weight despite presence of the recombinant inhibitors. These changes can
trigger complex interactions between feeding, food processing and growth
regulatory mechanisms, which tend to compensate for the potential fitness
loss caused by feeding on transformed foliage.
Kombinovanje ili “slaganje” različitih gena u transgenim biljkama radi
postizanja uspešnije kontrole patogena i štetočina i/ili većeg prinosa
predstavlja jednu od glavnih oblasti istraživanja savremene biotehnologije.
Orizacistatini I i II (OCI i OCII), proteinazni inhibitori različitih
specifičnosti, pokazali su potencijal u kontroli štetočina koje koriste
cisteinske proteinaze za digestiju proteina. Da bi se pojačao njihov
inhibitorni potencijal i, eventualno, povećala efikasnost ovih inhibitora u
kontroli štetočina, oba cistatina su koeksprimirana u transformisanim
biljkama tri sorte krompira. “Slaganje” orizacistatinskih gena kod sorti
Dragačevka i Dezire ostvareno je postupkom ko-transformacije i zabeležena je
frekvenca kointegracije OCI i OCII gena od 20-22%. Kod sorte Jelica
sekvencijalna re-transformacija se pokazala kao efikasniji pristup:
frekvenca integracije OCII gena nakon re-transformacije OCI-transformisane
linije iznosila je 91%. Istovremeno, “slaganje” dva orizacistatnska gena,
bilo postupkom ko- ili re-transformacije, postignuto je upotrebom nptII gena
kao jedinog selekcionog markera. Ekspresija OCI i OCII gena indukovana
povređivanjem i akumulacija biološki aktivnih rekombinantnih OCI i OCII
proteina potvrđena je kod svih analiziranih OCI/OCII transformisanih linija
krompira. OCI/OCII linije krompira nisu ispoljavale značajna odstupanja od
normalnog fenotipa, što ukazuje na nizak nivo somaklonalnih varijacija i
odsustvo uticaja rekombinantnih OCI i OCII na metabolizam biljke domaćina.
Iako nije uticala na preživljavanje, ishrana larvi krompirove zlatice
(Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) listovima krompira koji eksprimiraju oba
orizacistatina imala je značajan uticaj na različite osobine performanse
rasta i razvića larvi. Larve hranjene transformisanim listovima su se
presvlačile ranije, i tokom L2 i L3 stupnja uvećavale masu do 29,7% brže i
konzumirale listove do 29,1% brže u odnosu na one hranjene netransformisanim
listovima. Istovremeno, larve na OCI/OCII listovima su do tri dana ranije
dostizale maksimum mase i ranije “usporavale” sa ishranom ulazeći u
prepupalnu fazu razvića. Uprkos povećanju performansi rasta i ishrane, pri
istoj efikasnosti ishrane, L4 larve na transformisanim listovima nisu u
potpunosti uspele da kompenzuju negativne efekte prisustva orizacistatina u
hrani. U odnosu na larve hranjene netransformisanim listovima, maksimalna
masa na kraju larvenog razvića i ukupan stepen oštećenja listova bili su do
19,4% i do 18,5% manji kod larvi krompirove zlatice hranjenih OCI/OCII
transformisanim listovima krompira. Smanjenje mase larvi na OCI/OCII
listovima dovelo je i do pojave adulta krompirove zlatice sa do 26,3%
redukovanom telesnom masom. Analiza ukupne proteinazne aktivnosti kod larvi
krompirove zlatice pokazala je inicijalno smanjenje digestivnog kapaciteta
L3 larvi do 56%, koje je praćeno inhibicijom specifične aktivnosti
cisteinskih proteinaza do 62% (akutni efekat). Sa druge strane, pri
hroničnoj ingestiji OCI/OCII listova krompira, ukupna i aktivnost
cisteinskih proteinaza kod L3 larvi ne pokazuje značajna odstupanja od
kontrolnog nivoa, ukazujući na kompenzatorne odgovore proteaza larvi na
prisustvo rekombinantnih orizacistatina u ishrani. Uočene promene u ishrani,
rastu i razviću larvi krompirove zlatice mogu biti tumačene kao regulatorni
odgovor kojim se postiže maksimum telesne mase uprkos prisustvu
rekombinantnih inhibitora. Time se pokreću složene interakcije između
ishrane, digestivnih procesa i regulatornih mehanizama rasta i razvića koje
mogu da kompenzuju potencijalno smanjenje adaptivne vrednosti usled ishrane
transformisanim listovima.
Ondan mi je vnuk-prvošolček poročal: »Lilo je ko iz škafa.« Pa sem vprašal: »Veš, kaj je škaf?« »Vem,« se je hitro odrezal, ker on »vse ve«, a je isti hip pošteno priznal: »Pravzaprav ne vem.«V ...50-ih letih 20. stoletja se je v naših krajih na Pivškem začel prelamljati stari svet, ki se je stoletja in stoletja vrtel počasi, iz leta v leto, od pomladi do pomladi, od jeseni do jeseni … Kar nalepem pa se je začel vrteti vse hitreje in hitreje, dokler ni zdrvel in drvi neznano kam … Kam? se sprašuje vse več ljudi ni to ni več le filozofsko vprašanje.Na sliki sta dve čejdi, tako smo rekli čredi, in dva čejdneka: zgoraj Vidmar, ki je ostal v spominu po svojih 3 kozah in svojeročno narejenem »glasbilu« rogu, sestavljenem iz pravega volovjega roga in lesene piske; spodaj Lojz Kralčov, nekakšen vaški klošar, z Zagorjem, našo vasjo, v ozadju. – Fotografiji sta nastali v 50-ih letih. Idila, bi lahko rekli. – Potem pa so čejde začele »izumirati«. Guro, kjer so se pasle, zarašča borovje. Prastari način pridelave krompirja z motikami in vilami so zamenjali plugi, ki so prečne vrste na njivah zamenjali z vzdolžnimi. Pojavili so se vprežni sejalniki in kosilnice. Krompir je napadel koloradar, pšenico pa snetljivost. Sivina. Brezizhodnost. Vse številčnejši prebegi mladih čez »italijansko« mejo so bili bolj pogojeni ekonomsko kot politično.V 60-ih se je obrnilo navzgor. Tradicionalno kmečko okolje je izginjalo. Na cestah so se pojavili mopedi. Fičkoti. Po domovih kopalnice, televizija. Kruh je kmečkim ljudem rezala lesna industrija. Stara šola pa je bila zmeraj bolj prazna. – In v naslednjih desetletjih je čas z računalniki dobesedno zdrvel …Včasih pomislim, da smo v moji generaciji imeli tudi srečo, živeli smo v dveh svetovih. A vnuku-prvošolčku prstki hitijo po računalniški tipkovnici neprimerljivo hitreje kot meni. (sf)
Vidno zadovoljen gospodar Alojz Bincl ob zvrhano polni prikolici in velikih kupih krompirja pred skoraj petdesetimi leti pod domačim kozolcem. Širok nasmeh se je narisal tudi na obraze otrok, ki so, ...kot je bilo takrat povsem običajno, zelo pridno pomagali pri pobiranju. Ob gospodarju od leve njegova hči Sonja, sin Tonči in sosedov Branko.Prispevala: Sonja Bincl
Poveljništvo soške armade je naročilo cesarsko-kraljevi kmetijski družbi na Kranjskem, da pritisne na kmetovalce v okrajnih glavarstvih Kamnik, Kočevje, Krško in Novo mesto, da je potrebno za ...prehrano vojakov na soški fronti zbrati 400 vagonov krompirja, ker na fronti primanjkuje živeža in se vojaki zelo enolično prehranjujejo. Oddaja krompirja je kmetova domovinska dolžnost.
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