This study focused on many kinds of ticks distributed in Iraq and on various kinds of domestic and wild animals, and the distribution of ticks affected by the environment such as temperature and ...humidity,and to identify the diseases caused by ticks where the vertebrates are exposed to many diseases and inflammatory and allergic reactions as a result of a tick bite containing toxins in the saliva of the tick, which causes paralysis and lead to death, authors were able to review most of the local and international studies related to Tick's diagnosis (classification), especially tick species distribution in Iraq. Aim of this study was to create a database and put an important reference for all researchers and authors who plan to study this field more comprehensively in the future.
Crustaceans—familiar to the average person as shrimp, lobsters, crabs, krill, barnacles, and their many relatives—are easily one of the most important and diverse groups of marine life forms. Poorly ...understood, they are among the most numerous invertebrates on earth. Most crustaceans start life as eggs and move through a variety of morphological phases prior to maturity. In Atlas of Crustacean Larvae, more than 45 of the world's leading crustacean researchers explain and illustrate the beauty and complexity of the many larval life stages.
Revealing shapes that are reminiscent of aliens from other worlds—often with bizarre modifications for a planktonic life or for parasitization, including (in some cases) bulging eyes, enormous spines, and aids for flotation and swimming—the abundant illustrations and photographs show the detail of each morphological stage and allow for quick comparisons. The diversity is immediately apparent in the illustrations: spikes that deter predators occur on some larvae, while others bear unique specializations not seen elsewhere, and still others appear as miniature versions of the adults. Small differences in anatomy are shown to be suited to the behaviors and survival mechanisms of each species.
Destined to become a key reference for specialists and students and a treasured book for anyone who wishes to understand the invertebrate backbone of marine ecosystems, Atlas of Crustacean Larvae belongs on the shelf of every serious marine biologist.
The life cycles of fishes are complex and varied, and knowledge of the early life stages is important for understanding the biology, ecology, and evolution of fishes. InEarly Life History of Marine ...Fishes,Bruce S. Miller and Arthur W. Kendall Jr., bring together in a single reference much of the research available and its application to fishery science-knowledge increasingly important because for most fishes, adult populations are determined at the earliest stages of life. Clear and well written, this book offers expert guidance on how to collect and analyze larval fish data and on how this information is interpreted by applied fish biologists and fisheries managers.
Large volume injection (LVI) is a prerequisite of modern gas chromatographic (GC) analysis, especially when trace sample components have to be determined at very low concentration levels. Injection ...of larger than usual sample volumes increases sensitivity and/or reduces (or even eliminates) the need for extract concentration steps. Also, an LVI technique can serve as an interface for on-line connection of GC with a sample preparation step or with liquid chromatography. This article reviews the currently available LVI techniques, including basic approaches to their optimization and important real-world applications. The most common LVI methods are on-column and programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) in solvent split mode. Newer techniques discussed in this article include direct sample introduction (DSI), splitless overflow, at-column, and “through oven transfer adsorption desorption” (TOTAD).
Host Species as a Strong Determinant of the Intestinal Microbiota of Fish Larvae Li, Xuemei, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China; Yu, Yuhe, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China; Feng, Weisong, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China ...
The journal of microbiology,
02/2012, Volume:
50, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We investigated the influence of host species on intestinal microbiota by comparing the gut bacterial community structure of four cohabitating freshwater fish larvae, silver carp, grass carp, bighead ...carp, and blunt snout bream, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the amplified 16S and 18S rRNA genes. Similarity clustering indicated that the intestinal microbiota derived from these four fish species could be divided into four groups based on 16S rRNA gene similarity, whereas the eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes showed no distinct groups. The water sample from the shared environment contained microbiota of an independent group as indicated by both 16S and 18S rRNA genes segments. The bacterial community structures were visualized using rank-abundance plots fitted with linear regression models. Results showed that the intestinal bacterial evenness was significantly different between species (P less than 0.05) and between species and the water sample (P less than 0.01). Thirty-five relatively dominant bands in DGGE patterns were sequenced and grouped into five major taxa: Proteobacteria (26), Actinobacteria (5), Bacteroidetes (1), Firmicutes (2), and Cyanobacterial (1). Six eukaryotes were detected by sequencing 18S rRNA genes segments. The present study suggests that the intestines of the four fish larvae, although reared in the same environment, contained distinct bacterial populations, while intestinal eukaryotic microorganisms were almost identical.
Because of competitive interactions in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, tissue and bodily requirements for each of the three dietary essential fatty acids in marine fish, 22:6
n−3, 20:5
...n−3 and 20:4
n−6, cannot be meaningfully considered in isolation. Rather, it is necessary to consider requirements in relative as well as absolute amounts, i.e., in terms of the ratio of 22:6
n−3:20:5
n−3:20:4
n−6. This is illustrated by recent research in our laboratories which has suggested that the optimal dietary ratio of 22:6
n−3:20:5
n−3 in sea bass larvae is circa 2:1 with the optimal dietary ratio of 20:5
n−3:20:4
n−6 being circa 1:1. The optimal dietary ratio of 22:6
n−3:20:5
n−3 in turbot and halibut larvae is similarly circa 2:1 but the optimal dietary ratio of 20:5
n−3:20:4
n−6 in these species is 10:1 or greater. In addition, studies with salmon parr point to dietary 18:3
n−3 and 18:2
n−6 being important in determining the optimal tissue ratio of 20:5
n−3:20:4
n−6 for successful parr–smolt transition. We deduce that differences in essential fatty acid requirements for different species of fish reflect different dietary and metabolic adaptations to different habitats and consider how such knowledge can be exploited to develop improved diets for fish, especially in their early stages of development.
Developmental characteristics of Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae in different instars Kim, S.Y., National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea; Kim, H.G., National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, Republic of Korea; Song, S.H., Gyeonggi Do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea ...
International Journal of Industrial Entomology,
06/2015, Volume:
30, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The giant mealworm beetle, Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is reared for commercial purposes as a live feed for animals. In 2011, it was officially introduced in Korea, and since then ...it has been considered commercially important. This beetle is a good animal feed resource because of its high protein content with balanced nutrients. However, its life stage characteristics have not been clearly described, especially of the larval stage that can be used as commercial products. To this end, in our study, we determined the number of Z. atratus larval instars, and described their characteristics at each stage, providing basic information about this beetle. Z. atratus larvae required eight to nine d of incubation period before hatching. The first instar period comprised three to four d. There were relatively large variations in each instar period, except for the first instar. Before the adults emerged, most of the individuals passed through15 to 18 instars. The highest pupation rate, 25.71%, was observed in both 16th and 17th instars. Body length gradually increased with each successive instar and it reached its maximum at the 18th instar. The color of larvae was white at the first instar, and gradually turned brown after the second instar.
Ocean acidification, caused by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, is currently an important environmental problem. It is therefore necessary to investigate the effects of ...ocean acidification on all life stages of a wide range of marine organisms. However, few studies have examined the effects of increased CO2 on early life stages of organisms, including corals. Using a range of pH values (pH 7.3, 7.6, and 8.0) in manipulative duplicate aquarium experiments, we have evaluated the effects of increased CO2 on early life stages (larval and polyp stages) of Acropora spp. with the aim of estimating CO2 tolerance thresholds at these stages. Larval survival rates did not differ significantly between the reduced pH and control conditions. In contrast, polyp growth and algal infection rates were significantly decreased at reduced pH levels compared to control conditions. These results suggest that future ocean acidification may lead to reduced primary polyp growth and delayed establishment of symbiosis. Stress exposure experiments using longer experimental time scales and lower levels of CO2 concentrations than those used in this study are needed to establish the threshold of CO2 emissions required to sustain coral reef ecosystems.
The signaling pathways that allow plants to mount defenses against chewing insects are known to be complex. To investigate the role of jasmonate in wound signaling in Arabidopsis and to test whether ...parallel or redundant pathways exist for insect defense, we have studied a mutant (fad3-2fad7-2fad8) that is deficient in the jasmonate precursor linolenic acid. Mutant plants contained negligible levels of jasmonate and showed extremely high mortality (approximately 80%) from attack by larvae of a common saprophagous fungal gnat, Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae), even though neighboring wild-type plants were largely unaffected. Application of exogenous methyl jasmonate substantially protected the mutant plants and reduced mortality to approximately 12%. These experiments precisely define the role of jasmonate as being essential for the induction of biologically effective defense in this plant-insect interaction. The transcripts of three wound-responsive genes were shown not to he induced by wounding of mutant plants but the same transcripts could be induced by application of methyl jasmonate. By contrast, measurements of transcript levels for a gene encoding glutathione S-transferase demonstrated that wound induction of this gene is independent of jasmonate synthesis. These results indicate that the mutant will be a good genetic model for testing the practical effectiveness of candidate defense genes.
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