The Lower Limb Assessment Score (LLAS) has only been validated in a paediatric population. The aim of this study was to validate the use of the LLAS in an adult population by: i) evaluating its ...ability to discriminate between different extents of lower limb hypermobility, ii) establishing a cut-off score to identify lower limb hypermobility, and iii) determining if the LLAS is able to identify Generalised Joint Hypermobility (GJH).
Participants were recruited across three groups representing varying degrees of hypermobility. They were assessed using the LLAS, Beighton score and clinical opinion. Pearson's correlation coefficient and MANOVA were used to assess between-group differences in the LLAS. The cut-off score was determined using median and inter-quartile ranges and the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve. The ability of the LLAS to identify GJH was assessed using percent agreement with clinical opinion.
One hundred twelve participants aged 18-40 years were recruited. The LLAS distinguished the control from the likely hypermobile and known hypermobile cohorts (both p < 0.001), as well as the likely hypermobile from the known hypermobile cohort (p = 0.003). The LLAS cut-off score for identifying lower limb hypermobility was ≥7/12 with a specificity of 86% and sensitivity of 68%. The LLAS accurately identified those with GJH with high percentage agreement compared to clinical opinion across all cohorts (69-98%).
The LLAS is a valid tool for identifying lower limb specific hypermobility and GJH in adults at a cut-off score of ≥7/12. It demonstrates excellent specificity and moderate sensitivity, and discriminates well between extents of hypermobility.
Helical probe tests (HPT) are a quick and economical means for manual field testing of soils to depths of 1.5 m with readings taken at 0.15-m intervals in only 10 min. The equipment is lightweight ...(only 2 kg) and thus amenable to deploy on initial site reconnaissance explorations, shallow pavement projects, earth retention walls, and/or compaction of fills. Although suitable for use in a variety of geomaterials: sands, silts, clays, and mixed soils, the specific application to residual fine sandy silts and silty fine sands of the Appalachian Piedmont and Blue Ridge geologic provinces is shown here. Existing relationships for converting the measured HPT torque reading to equivalent cone penetration testing (CPT) tip resistances are reviewed, as well as other trends.
Background: Test smells indicate potential problems in the design and implementation of automated software tests that may negatively impact test code maintainability, coverage, and reliability. When ...poorly described, manual tests written in natural language may suffer from related problems, which enable their analysis from the point of view of test smells. Despite the possible prejudice to manually tested software products, little is known about test smells in manual tests, which results in many open questions regarding their types, frequency, and harm to tests written in natural language. Aims: Therefore, this study aims to contribute to a catalog of test smells for manual tests. Method: We perform a two-fold empirical strategy. First, an exploratory study in manual tests of three systems: the Ubuntu Operational System, the Brazilian Electronic Voting Machine, and the User Interface of a large smartphone manufacturer. We use our findings to propose a catalog of eight test smells and identification rules based on syntactical and morphological text analysis, validating our catalog with 24 in-company test engineers. Second, using our proposals, we create a tool based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze the subject systems' tests, validating the results. Results: We observed the occurrence of eight test smells. A survey of 24 in-company test professionals showed that 80.7% agreed with our catalog definitions and examples. Our NLP-based tool achieved a precision of 92%, recall of 95%, and f-measure of 93.5%, and its execution evidenced 13,169 occurrences of our cataloged test smells in the analyzed systems. Conclusion: We contribute with a catalog of natural language test smells and novel detection strategies that better explore the capabilities of current NLP mechanisms with promising results and reduced effort to analyze tests written in different idioms.
Despite the severity of ankle syndesmosis injuries, it has been argued that they are relatively poorly detected. This study investigated the interrater reliability of four orthopaedic tests for ankle ...syndesmosis injury and assessed their ability to predict the extended recovery times that have been reported as a consequence of this injury. Nine physiotherapists, working in random pairings, examined 53 subjects, all receiving treatment for ankle injury at two private clinics. Each subject was tested by two physiotherapists who independently performed the palpation test, external rotation test, squeeze test, and dorsiflexion-compression test. Kappa coefficient testing indicated that the external rotation test had the best interrater reliability (kappa = 0.75). The squeeze test was found to have moderate reliability (kappa = 0.50), and the palpation and dorsiflexion-compression tests both had only fair reliability (kappa = 0.36). The degree of pair-wise association between the results of the four tests was low (phi < or = 0.30 for all test combinations), suggesting that if all four tests were performed on the same subject, it was not likely that they would achieve similar results. Follow-up interviews were conducted to determine the time taken for subjects to walk 10 m without pain and, for sports injuries, the time taken to return to training and then to competition. For each test, Mann-Whitney U values showed no significant difference between the recovery times of subjects with positive or negative test results, although subjects with recovery times markedly longer than normal were detected by three of the four tests. When an either/or combination of the external rotation and dorsiflexion-compression tests was considered, subjects with a positive test result took significantly longer to return to playing sports.
Exploratory testing of apps with opportunity maps Copche, Rubens; Souza, Mariana; Villanes, Isabel Karina ...
Proceedings of the XX Brazilian Symposium on Software Quality,
11/2021
Conference Proceeding
Exploratory Testing (ET) is a well-known technique to perform manual tests. Its main goal is to foster creativity and freedom, while the tester learns, designs and executes tests continuously in a ...time-boxed session. Popular among agile teams, ET is particularly interesting for software systems with highly-mutable features like mobile apps. Previous results have evinced that testers may fail to verify well-known features of mobile apps, while performing unguided manual testing. This paper investigates an intervention to exploratory tests in which opportunity maps are adopted as a mean to improve the manual testing of mobile apps. Included as a supporting artifact during the test sessions, opportunity maps are mind maps with questions targeting features of apps that are known to be error-prone. To assess the usage of opportunity maps in ET, we conducted a study with 22 participants and compared the proposed approach with a traditional session-based approach. Our results indicated that the number of detected bugs was similar in both approaches, different bugs were revealed by each approach, and opportunity maps tend to guide the detection of specific bugs. Among the participants, we found that practitioners uncovered more bugs than students.
On the Exploratory Testing of Mobile Apps Souza, Mariana; Villanes, Isabel K.; Dias-Neto, Arilo Claudio ...
Proceedings of the IV Brazilian Symposium on Systematic and Automated Software Testing,
09/2019
Conference Proceeding
While the literature acknowledges that mobile apps present different testing challenges and automated solutions have been pursued, it lacks a better understanding of how pervasive practices of manual ...testing (namely Exploratory Testing - ET) can be more effectively applied. This paper aims to investigate the use of ET in mobile apps. With this study, we intend to have a better understanding of how exploratory testing is employed, its effectiveness, and its usage in an ample and diverse range of apps. To do so, we conducted two studies. The first study was conducted for the purpose of applying ET to apps with diverse contexts and available on Google Play in order to analyze whether testers actually explore all possible scenarios that apps may display. The second study, also applied the ET, however in two apps that were developed by a software development company; this study has the objective of applying the ET in order to identify bugs of different levels, that often cannot be revealed using other techniques. As expected the first study revealed that there are several test scenarios that are not exploited by the testers, yet the 40 participants revealed on average 5 bugs in 1.5h of test sessions. The second study revealed 64 bugs and 21 issues in two apps. Such revealed bugs are of different criticality and category. ET has shown to be a promising technique to uncover bugs, though test professionals can be better guided to explore their apps and search for bugs in scenarios related to mobile specific events.
Testing is nowadays one of the most important part of product development lifecycle. The goal of this publication is to provide brief description of embedded software testing in research environment. ...It is divided into several parts and addresses the problem of testing embedded devices not only from the source code perspective, but it also takes into consideration testing the complete system behavior. The first part of the article focuses on comparison between automatic and manual tests, trying to decide when automated tests are useful and when useless or at least not cost effective. The paper describes mainly testing industrial automation devices and some methodologies dedicated for testing this type of devices. A significant part of the paper is related to unit testing and certification tests of device's safety critical functions. Applicability of Test Driven Development is considered. In succeeding parts, functional tests, testing support tools and test documentation are described. An important step is automatic test report generation including coverage estimation methods. The last part is related to integration tests which often require building large testing infrastructure that consist of certified equipment and dedicated testing environment.
A dysfunctional stiffness of the iliotibial band can be related to pathologies of the pelvis/lumbar spine and the knee. The classic and modified Ober tests are the gold standard for assessing ...iliotibial band stiffness. However, to the authors’ knowledge, this test lacks adequate validation, and its specificity is questionable. A more reliable test is needed to better correlate iliotibial band stiffness to pathologies and to support treatment choices.
Two examiners assessed the difference in stiffness (right vs. left limb) of the iliotibial band by direct fingertip palpation in 40 subjects (without clinically evident painful symptoms), before and after a specific 20-h training session. The difference in stiffness was evaluated with both a 3-level and a 7-level graduation. The intra- and inter-examiner (intra-day) reproducibility was calculated, and a validation of the manual assessment was performed with a myotonometric measurement of frequency and stiffness.
The test achieved post-training agreement consistently greater than 0.88 (weighted Cohen's K test) in intra-examiner assessment and 0.72 in inter-examiner assessment. Before training the agreement was less than 0.48 and 0.12, respectively. Manual versus instrumental agreement was fair to moderate (frequency 0.347; stiffness 0.470).
The newly proposed manual test to assess ITB stiffness by direct palpation showed almost perfect intra-examiner reproducibility and good inter-examiner (intra-day) reproducibility. The specific training was fundamental. Comparison of manual vs instrumental stiffness assessment of the iliotibial band, as proposed in this study, is debatable.
•Classic and modified Ober tests have limitations for evaluating ITB stiffness.•A test is needed to better correlate ITB stiffness to back and knee pathologies.•The newly proposed test based on direct palpation of the ITB is reliable.•Specific training of the examiners is fundamental to achieve acceptable reliability.•Myotonmetry evaluation of the ITB, as proposed in this study, is questionable.
Malaria adalah penyakit infeksi akut maupun kronis yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodiummalariae dengan gejala klinis demam rekuren, anemia, dan hepatosplenomegali. DiIndonesia sampai saat ini penyakit ...malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatanmasyarakat. Diagnosis pada malaria dapat dilakukan dengan uji mikroskopis dan nonmikroskopis. Rapid manual test termasuk uji non mikroskopis. Uji ini merupakan ujicepat, mudah dan tidak memerlukan laboratorium khusus. Rapid manual test dapat dibagi berdasarkan, Histidine Rich Protein-II (HRP-II) contoh kitnya ParaSight®,Paracheck,® ICT®. Juga berdasarkan parasite lactate dehydrogenese (pLDH) contoh kitnyaoptiMAL®. Kit-kit ini sudah diteliti di beberapa negara dengan hasil sensitivitas darispesifisitas rata-rata di atas 90%.
Manual Test Metrics in Genetic Algorithm Bahar, Emirul; Nasution, Sawaluddin; Dewi, Agushinta R ...
Journal of physics. Conference series,
06/2019, Volume:
1235, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Software testing is a significant activity of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) that can overcome possibility of error in every single development step. Software testing is most often used ...technique for verifying and validating the quality of software. Software testing that concern with the internal mechanism of a systems and mainly focus on control flow or data flow a program is called White box testing. White box testing is classified into static and structural testing. Type of white box testing that is used in this paper is structural testing. Path coverage and code complexity is a sub testing within the scope of structural testing. Path coverage split a program into a number of distinct paths. In this paper, structural graph and data flow graph is used to ease the tester to find path in a program by mapping out the program and software testing metrics is used to describe the effectiveness and quality of that processes that produce the software product.This paper did manual testing for genetic algorithm program, such as mapping the genetic algorithm program into the control flow graph, create test cases to provide some possibility inputs that can be handled by program, execute test cases, analyze, and calculate the software manual test process metrics.
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