The physiological response to high‐level endurance exercise, such as running a marathon, poses several beneficial but also potentially harmful metabolic changes. The objective of this study was to ...determine the impact of marathon (M) and ultra‐marathon (UM) on inflammation and iron homeostasis in paired samples. Fifteen well‐trained, non‐professional endurance athletes (14 males, 1 female) performed both a 130 km ultra‐marathon and a traditional 42.195 km marathon. We determined markers of inflammation and iron homeostasis before, immediately after, and within 5 days after finishing each run, respectively. Biomarkers of inflammation (leucocytes, neutrophil granulocytes, monocytes, and c‐reactive protein CRP) increased significantly after both marathon and ultra‐marathon with higher levels of CRP after ultra‐marathon compared with marathon both immediately after the race (18.15 ± 12.41 vs 5.58 ± 9.65 mg/L, P < .001) and at follow‐up (15.67 ± 16.97 vs 7.19 ± 7.75 mg/L, P = .045) Concentrations of ferritin also increased significantly after both races and remained high at follow‐up. Higher levels of ferritin immediately after the race (111.5 ± 103.2 vs 84.8 ± 86.3, P = .001) and at follow‐up (102.7 ± 79.5 vs 74.6 ± 65.6, P = .001) were found in ultra‐marathon finishers. The observed increase of serum iron and transferrin saturation (TSAT) after marathon and the decrease of serum iron and TSAT after ultra‐marathon resulted in a significant absolute difference between the two races. The present data suggest a higher degree of inflammation after ultra‐marathon compared with marathon. Markers of iron homeostasis also showed different response patterns with regard to running distance.
This study aims to investigate vegetarian and mixed diet type prevalences among distance runners at running events around the world and associations with running-related patterns and performance. ...Following a cross-sectional approach, linear regression analyses were carried out to identify potential associations among body mass index (BMI), diet type, and average best performance times of half-marathon and marathon events for males and females. From a sample of 3835 runners who completed an online questionnaire, 2864 all-distance runners (age: 37 years; 57% females) were included in inferential analyses and categorized into dietary subgroups according to self-reports: 994 vegans (34.7%), 598 vegetarians (20.9%), and 1272 omnivores (44.4%). Significant associations were identified between kind of diet and best average time to finish (i) half-marathons in females where vegans (p = 0.001) took longer than omnivores, (ii) half-marathons in males where vegans (p < 0.001) and vegetarians (p = 0.002) took longer than omnivores, and (iii) marathons in males where vegans (p < 0.001) and vegetarians (p = 0.043) averaged slower than omnivores. Increased units of BMI (+1.0) in males influenced best runtimes: 2.75 (3.22−2.27) min slower for HM and 5.5 (5.69−4.31) min slower for M. The present study did not take detailed confounders into account such as runner motives or training behaviors; however, the results may provide valuable insight for running event organizers, nutrition experts, coaches, and trainers advising runners who adhere to a general diet type regarding the basic question of who participates in running events around the world.
Although runner's profiles were previously investigated, information on the training frequency and training distance for short (5 km, 10 km) and long-distance (>21 km) running is absent. The present ...study aimed to investigate the associations between training routines and exercise habits of recreational endurance runners considering self-reported preferred race distance 10 km, half-marathon (HM), and marathon/ultra-marathon (M/UM) subgroups.
This is a cross-sectional study, sampling 154 recreational runners of both sexes. A web survey was used for data collection regarding age, sex, preferred distance (10-km, HM, M/UM), training routines, exercise habits, and periodized training routines. The Chi-square test (Cramer's V) and Kruskal-Wallis test (Eta-Squared η
) with effect sizes were used for comparisons between race distances.
Significant differences were shown for anthropometric, training, and periodization characteristics. Highly significant differences were found between subgroups for the number of sessions, running kilometers, and training hours at all periods and within all four preparation conditions. M/UM runners were training more frequently, for longer durations, and ran greater distances each week.
This finding supports the notion that training habits and periodization characteristics are different for different race distances (10-km, half marathon, marathon, and ultramarathon).
This paper will evaluate two acts of terrorism: the Toulouse and Montauban Terror Attack of 2012 and the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombing. While a great deal of discussion has centered on these isolated ...attacks, limited research has bridged a comparison of these events and the pathways of radicalization. This study will integrate three criminological theories to explain why these atrocities were committed. First, using Social Learning Theory, the study will show that Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, known as the Boston Marathon Bombers, as well as Mohamed Merah, the individual responsible for the Toulouse and Montauban Terror Attacks, learned terror-related techniques from social and non-social sources. Second, Strain Theory will be incorporated into the discussion. Here, the blockage of goals, the removal of positive stimuli, the presentation of negative stimuli, and the inability to cope to these changes played an important role in the radicalization process of these individuals as well. Finally, Social Bond Theory will be utilized to illustrate that Mohamed Merah and the Tsarnaev Brothers had weak social bonds to their family, self, and community. This contributed to their radicalization and their motive to inflict harm.
Purpose
To investigate the effects of full marathon running on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle damage and to determine the relationship with the height change of the longitudinal foot arch ...following full marathon completion.
Methods
Magnetic resonance imaging‐measured transverse relaxation time (T2) of the abductor hallucis (ABH), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and quadratus plantae (QP), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis posterior (TP), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) from 22 collegiate runners were assessed before and 1, 3, and 8 days after full marathon running. The three‐dimensional foot posture of 10 of the 22 runners was further obtained using a foot scanner system before and 1, 3, and 8 days after the marathon.
Results
Marathon‐induced increases in T2 were observed in the QP, FDL, TP, and FHL 1 day after the marathon (+7.5%, +4.7%, +6.7%, and +5.9%, respectively), with the increased T2 of TP persisting until 3 days after the marathon (+4.6%). T2 changes of FDL and FHL from pre‐marathon to DAY 1 showed direct correlations with the corresponding change in the arch height ratio (r = 0.823, p = 0.003, and r = 0.658, p = 0.038).
Conclusion
The damage and recovery response from a full marathon differed among muscles; QP, FDL, TP, and FHL increased T2 after the marathon, whereas ABH and FDB did not. In addition, T2 changes in FDL and FHL and the arch height ratio change were correlated. Our results suggest that the extrinsic foot muscles could be more susceptible to damage than the intrinsic during marathon running.
Objective
Examine the associations of training volume and longest endurance run with (half‐)marathon performance and running‐related injuries (RRIs) in recreational runners.
Materials and Methods
...During the preparation for and directly after the running event, 556 participants of a half marathon and 441 participants of a marathon completed three questionnaires on RRIs, average weekly training volume and the longest endurance run. With finish time, decline in pace during the running event and RRIs as dependent variables, linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to test the associations with weekly training volume and the longest endurance run.
Results
In half‐marathon runners, a high training volume (>32 km/wk) (β −4.19, 95% CI: −6.52;−1.85) and a long endurance run (>21 km) (β −3.87, 95% CI: −6.31;‐−1.44) were associated with a faster finish time, while a high training volume (β −1.81, 95% CI: −3.49;−0.12) and a long endurance run (β −1.89, 95% CI: −3.65;−0.12) were also related to less decline in pace. In marathon runners, a low training volume (<40 km/wk) was related to a slower finish time (β 6.33, 95% CI: 0.18;12.48) and a high training volume (>65 km/wk) to a faster finish time (β −14.09, 95% CI: −22.47;−5.72), while a longest endurance run of <25 km was associated with a slower finish time (β 13.44, 95% CI: 5.34;21.55). No associations between training characteristics and RRIs were identified.
Conclusions
Preparation for a (half‐)marathon with a relatively high training volume and long endurance runs associates with a faster finish time, but does not seem related to an increased injury risk.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the recognition of marathon finishers for the benefit of the Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF) certified races. It's necessary to be a member ...of JAAF for an athlete to participate in the JAAF certified meets. But it isn't necessary to be a member of JAAF to participate in the road races. So runners can choose to be JAAF membership or not. But the revenue from membership fees is one of the key financial resources for National Federations. So it's important for JAAF to expand the number of runners having JAAF membership. And it is necessary to clarify the benefits of JAAF certified races and to make attractive suggestions for runners. In this survey, we made questions about images and benefit of JAAF certified races, and asked 245 runners about thrm. Answers to questions are classified into 4 groups, according to finish time of runners : Sub-3 hours, Sub-4 hours, Sub-5 hours, Over-5 hours. Over 90% runners thought JAAF certified races were positive. And regardless of the times of the runners, they recognized value in the accurate times and distances of JAAF permit races. Therefore, compared to the non-permit races, the role of the JAAF certified races is to provide runners with accurate results. The faster runners, who have Sub-3 hours and Sub-4 hours times, recognize value the race of Semi Elite races, in order to meet qualifying standards. That provides high motivation to the faster runners. So it is necessary to consider a policy which makes Semi Elite races activated.
While the popularity of distance running is growing worldwide, endurance runners’ dietary challenges associated with their prolonged training and racing activities have not yet been fully understood. ...The present investigation was conducted with the aim of examining the association between race distance and dietary intake of distance runners. A total of 317 runners initially participated, and after data clearance, 211 endurance runners (57% females) were finally considered the study sample. Runners were assigned to three race distance groups: 10-km (n = 74), half-marathon (n = 83), and marathon/ultra-marathon (n = 54). An online survey was used to collect data; dietary intake was monitored using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire, including 53 food groups categorized in 14 basic and three umbrella clusters. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between race distance groups in consumption of most food clusters except for “fruits and vegetables” and “total of protein”, with a predominance of 10-km runners compared to half-marathoners and (ultra-)marathoners (p ≤ 0.05). Age was a significant predictor for the consumption of only five (out of 17) food clusters (p ≤ 0.05), including “fruit and vegetables”, “unprocessed meat”, “processed meat”, “eggs”, and “plant protein”. Future investigations with a larger sample size and more differentiated (sub)groups may help provide comparable data to develop a better understanding of the dietary behaviors among shorter versus longer distance runners.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common injury among runners, and it is thought that abnormal lower extremity biomechanics contribute to its development. However, the relationship between ...biomechanical changes after a marathon and PFPS injury remains limited. This study aims to investigate whether differences in knee and hip kinematics and lower extremity muscle activities exist in recreational runners before and after a marathon. Additionally, it aims to explore the relationship between these biomechanical changes and the development of PFPS injury. 12 recreational runners participated in the study. Kinematics and muscle activities of the lower extremity were recorded during walking (5 km/h) and running (10 km/h) tasks within 24 hours before and within 5 hours after a marathon. After the marathon, there was a significant decrease in peak knee flexion (walking: p = 0.006; running: p = 0.006) and an increase in peak hip internal rotation (walking: p = 0.026; running: p = 0.015) during the stance phase of both walking and running compared to before the marathon. The study demonstrates a decrease in knee flexion and an increase in hip internal rotation during the stance phase of gait tasks after completing a marathon, which may increase the risk of developing PFPS injury.
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