•Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a global health threat.•Older adults form a vulnerable section both to the physiological risks of infection as well as to the psychosocial ...offshoots of distancing and lockdown.•Loneliness, isolation, abuse, loss of autonomy, and restriction of health care access can accentuate their frailty and comorbidities.•The authors propose marginalization as the probable common pathway for human rights deprivation of older adults during the pandemic.•Measures of mitigating these effects enabling Healthy Aging are discussed.
The world has endured over six months of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Older adults are at disproportionate risk of severe infection and mortality. They are also vulnerable to loneliness and social exclusion during the pandemic. Age and ageism both can act as significant risk factors during this pandemic, increasing the physical as well as psychosocial burden on the elderly. A review was performed in relation to the psychosocial vulnerabilities of the older adults during the pandemic, with insights from the similar biological disasters in the past. Besides the physiological risk, morbidities, polypharmacy and increased case fatality rates, various social factors like lack of security, loneliness, isolation, ageism, sexism, dependency, stigma, abuse and restriction to health care access were identified as crucial in pandemic situation. Frailty, cognitive and sensory impairments added to the burden. Marginalization and human rights deprivation emerged as a common pathway of suffering for the elderly during COVID-19. The implications of the emergent themes are discussed in light of psychosocial wellbeing and impact on the quality of life. The authors suggest potential recommendations to mitigate this marginalization on lines of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s concept of Healthy Ageing and the United Nations (U.N.) Sustainable Development Goals.
The importance of gender is undertheorized in chronic pain research, meaning extant research cannot sufficiently shed light on how chronic pain experience and treatment are connected to institutions ...and societal structures. Much literature on gender and pain is not critical in orientation, making it difficult to translate data into recommendations for improved treatment and care. Our study takes a critical approach informed by social theory to understand chronic pain among women who experience socioeconomic marginalization. Drawing on a gender-based sub-analysis of interview data collected in Canada as part of an Institutional Ethnography of chronic pain among people who are socioeconomically marginalized, from women’s narratives we identified four themes that speak to gender, chronic pain, and marginalization. These are: 1) gendered minimization of women’s health concerns 2) managing inter-generational poverty 3) living with violence and trauma; and 4) gendered organization of family care. Together, these themes highlight how women’s experiences of chronic pain and marginalization amplify gendered vulnerabilities in healthcare, social services, and society in general. Our findings depict a deeply gendered experience of chronic pain that is inseparable from the daily struggle of managing one’s life with pain with heavy responsibilities, the baggage of past trauma, and responsibility for others with few resources. We emphasize the importance of chronic pain care, and health and social services that are both gender and trauma informed.
This article draws on an Institutional Ethnography (a holistic qualitative methodology) of chronic pain and socioeconomic marginalization to demonstrate the importance of chronic pain care, and health and social services that are both gender and trauma informed.
•Little research on gender and pain is critical in orientation.•Using interviews, we show that care providers minimize marginalized women’s health concerns.•Marginalized women with pain struggle to manage inter-generational poverty, violence, and trauma.•Marginalized women with pain carry a heavy gendered burden of family care.•Addressing this requires intersectoral response (medical education; improved social services).
Against the backdrop of Ferguson and the Black Lives Matter movement, we ask what the American politics subfield has to say about the political lives of communities subjugated by race and class. We ...argue that mainstream research in this subfield-framed by images of representative democracy and Marshallian citizenship-has provided a rich portrait of what such communities lack in political life. Indeed, by focusing so effectively on their political marginalization, political scientists have ironically made such communities marginal to the subfield's account of American democracy and citizenship. In this article, we provide a corrective by focusing on what is
present
in the political lives of such communities. To redress the current imbalance and advance the understandings of race and class in American politics, we argue that studies of the liberal-democratic "first face" of the state must be complemented by greater attention to the state's more controlling "second face." Focusing on policing, we seek to unsettle the mainstream of a subfield that rarely inquires into governmental practices of social control and the ways "race-class subjugated communities" are governed through coercion, containment, repression, surveillance, regulation, predation, discipline, and violence.
It was not until the 20th century that disability studies were initialized in the West with some of the seminal works of scholars like Michel Foucault and Erving Goffman. The disability studies ...essentially gave a voice to those people who were denied social justice, and it was not only considered as a medical problem anymore; rather it was a major social issue. Apart from some of the major classics, if one can take a look inside the pop culture texts, then J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series would present before us an array of such issues concerning marginalized disabled people. In this paper, we would like to show the unfortunate treatment of such ‘disabled’ people in the magical world of Hogwarts, keeping in parallel view the sorrowful situation of our real world as well, based on the theoretical grounds laid down by Foucault and Goffman. Also, we intend to shed some light on the identity formation of the disabled group, which is directly linked with gender, race, and class. It is also our intention to reflect on the fact that disability is something which is not to be “fixed” but rather embraced and normalized, to achieve an egalitarian society.
Little is known about people who experience multiple types of discrimination (e.g., racism and heterosexism). While some work suggests that multiply discriminated groups are at higher risk for poor ...mental health, other studies propose that they may develop resilience against additional kinds of discrimination. We conducted a review of published studies on the relationship between multiple types of discrimination and mental health to critically examine evidence in support of broad risk and resilience models. Using PRISMA guidelines, we identified 40 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Typically, studies examined either whether experiencing multiple discrimination was related to poorer mental health, or whether one kind of discrimination was more predictive of poor mental health. Studies generally showed support for the risk model, with multiple forms of discrimination associated with higher risk for depression symptoms. Furthermore, both racism and heterosexism uniquely predicted symptoms of depression, although initial evidence suggested that only heterosexism predicted suicidality among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) racial/ethnic minorities. Findings on multiple discrimination and other mental health problems (e.g., anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD, distress, and substance use) were mixed. The current evidence suggests that multiply discriminated groups exhibit higher risk for some mental health problems, particularly depression symptoms. However, methodological problems abound in this literature (e.g., correspondence between study sample and types of discrimination assessed), which limits our ability to draw clear conclusions about multiple discrimination. We propose that to further our understanding of how multiple kinds of discrimination may affect mental health, studies must remedy these and other issues.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
Discrimination is related to poorer mental health. Experiencing multiple kinds of discrimination (e.g., racism and heterosexism) may further increase people's chances of developing depression symptoms. Experiencing racism and heterosexism both uniquely contribute to depression risk among racially/ethnically diverse sexual and gender minorities. Although only a few studies examined suicide risk, some initial evidence indicates that experiencing heterosexism, above and beyond racism, may explain suicidal risk among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) racial/ethnic minorities.
This paper offers a market-compatible perspective of the emancipatory entrepreneurship of marginalized groups. We identify two dimensions of market-emancipation compatibility that derive from ...tensions inherent in the emancipatory entrepreneurship of marginalized groups. Ends-compatibility reflects the misalignment of emancipatory outcomes with market outcomes. Means-compatibility reflects the constraint entrepreneurs from marginalized groups encounter in market structures. We engage with these tensions in the context of the businesses, processes, and products that emerge from the entrepreneurship of marginalized groups. We use these tensions to derive propositions that speak to the likelihood emancipatory opportunities develop and that these opportunities are exploited by marginalized groups. With these propositions, we contribute to debates about entrepreneurship's overall emancipatory capacity. Specifically, we contribute a conceptual space in which the market forces that structure entrepreneurial activity and the material realities of venturing from marginalized social positions are incorporated into theorizing and testing entrepreneurship's capacity to enable marginalized groups with respect to structural disadvantage.
•This paper offers a theory of market-compatible emancipatory entrepreneurship.•We identify two types of market-emancipation compatibility—ends-compatibility and means-compatibility.•We locate these compatibilities in the context of emancipatory businesses, processes, and products.•We offer propositions about when market-compatible emancipatory opportunities emerge and are exploited.•This paper is a complement to Rindova, Barry, and Ketchen's (2009) entrepreneuring-as-emancipation perspective.
The study aimed at examining the involvement of marginalized Menja Society Children in primary schools of Bench Sheko Zone. The research utilized a case study design to explore how in-school and ...out-of-school factors affect the educational participation of Menja Society Children in the Bench Sheko Zone. Qualitative data were collected through interviews, observations, focus group discussions, and document analysis. The snowball sampling technique was used to select informants for the study. The study revealed that factors such as distance, low literacy rates, religious marginalization, economic challenges, limited peer interaction, lack of respect, and unfair treatment are the primary barriers preventing these children from participating in education. Additionally, cultural practices like pot making, agricultural work, and charcoal production also contribute to the marginalization of Menja Society Children. In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of addressing the complex and multi-faceted challenges that marginalized Menja Society Children have been facing in accessing education. The study emphasizes the importance of providing support and resources for Menja children, such as educational materials in their native language and culturally sensitive teachers. It also calls for a comprehensive and collaborative approach to address the educational challenges faced by marginalized Menja Society Children, prioritizing their needs and promoting inclusivity within schools and the wider community. The study recommends creating an inclusive and supportive environment for marginalized students within schools, prioritizing their educational needs, and developing appropriate solutions to ensure equal access to education. It also suggests ongoing awareness campaigns and efforts to promote inter-ethnic relations through various activities. Additionally, providing training for teachers and leaders in cultural diversity and inclusive teaching methods is crucial for establishing a more inclusive learning environment for all Menja children.
Urban ecosystems provide many crucial services to cities and their residents, particularly in adapting to the effects of climate change. Extensive research has been conducted in this field, covering ...various aspects of ecosystem services. However, little is known about issues related to the limited access to these ecosystem services, particularly among marginalized populations. This review systematically screened 3961 papers and synthesized findings from 98 papers to identify groups that are marginalized in terms of access to urban ecosystem services and provide policy measures to address the issue. We conducted an inductive content analysis and thematic analysis to review the literature comprehensively. Our findings revealed that marginalization is more prevalent in cultural ecosystem services (51 %) than in other ecosystem service types. The results also show that vulnerable populations, including minorities, low-income populations, physically challenged people, children/young people/students, older people, and migrants, are particularly marginalized. Among these groups, minorities (24 %) emerged as the most extensively studied category. Additionally, we identified a marginalized group labeled as 'generic,' consisting of individuals whose identities did not neatly fit within the previously defined groups or were mentioned across multiple groups simultaneously.The marginalization across all these groups stems from income disparities, cultural norms, racial and ethnic considerations, willingness to visit, age-related disparities, physical disabilities, and geographical location. Importantly, our study underscores the adverse effects of marginalization on these groups, leading to health disparities, lower quality of life, and reduced resilience to climate change. In light of these findings, we also spotlight policies from the literature such as inclusive urban planning, community engagement initiatives, and financial support aimed at ensuring more equitable access to urban ecosystem services.
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•We discuss how some groups are marginalized in access to ecosystem services.•Minorities, urban poor, and physically challenged people are key marginalized groups.•Cultural norms and racial and ethnic considerations have exacerbated marginalization.•Marginalization is more prevalent in cultural ecosystem services.•Community-based programs and knowledge-sharing initiatives can help address the issue.
This paper scrutinizes the assertion that knowledge gaps concerning health risks from climate change are unjust, and must be addressed, because they hinder evidence-led interventions to protect ...vulnerable populations. First, we construct a taxonomy of six inter-related forms of invisibility (social marginalization, forced invisibility by migrants, spatial marginalization, neglected diseases, mental health, uneven climatic monitoring and forecasting) which underlie systematic biases in current understanding of these risks in Latin America, and advocate an approach to climate-health research that draws on intersectionality theory to address these inter-relations. We propose that these invisibilities should be understood as outcomes of structural imbalances in power and resources rather than as haphazard blindspots in scientific and state knowledge. Our thesis, drawing on theories of governmentality, is that context-dependent tensions condition whether or not benefits of making vulnerable populations legible to the state outweigh costs. To be seen is to be politically counted and eligible for rights, yet evidence demonstrates the perils of visibility to disempowered people. For example, flood-relief efforts in remote Amazonia expose marginalized urban river-dwellers to the traumatic prospect of forced relocation and social and economic upheaval. Finally, drawing on research on citizenship in post-colonial settings, we conceptualize climate change as an ‘open moment’ of political rupture, and propose strategies of social accountability, empowerment and trans-disciplinary research which encourage the marginalized to reach out for greater power. These achievements could reduce drawbacks of state legibility and facilitate socially-just governmental action on climate change adaptation that promotes health for all.
•Use invisibility to explore biases in understanding of climate-health risks.•Review invisibilities linked to marginalization of peoples, places, diseases.•Contend that invisibilities arise from structural imbalances in power and resources.•Tension shapes whether the benefits of being seen by the state outweigh the costs.•Propose strategies to enable the marginalized to reach for greater power.
Research suggests that marginalized social media users face disproportionate content moderation and removal. However, when content is removed or accounts suspended, the processes governing content ...moderation are largely invisible, making assessing content moderation bias difficult. To study this bias, we conducted a digital ethnography of marginalized users on Reddit’s /r/FTM subreddit and Twitch’s “Just Chatting” and “Pools, Hot Tubs, and Beaches” categories, observing content moderation visibility in real time. We found that on Reddit, a text-based platform, platform tools make content moderation practices invisible to users, but moderators make their practices visible through communication with users. Yet on Twitch, a live chat and streaming platform, content moderation practices are visible in channel live chats, “unban appeal” streams, and “back from my ban” streams. Our ethnography shows how content moderation visibility differs in important ways between social media platforms, harming those who must see offensive content, and at other times, allowing for increased platform accountability.
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