The papers by Jack Stenner included in this book document the technical details of an art and science of measurement that creates new entrepreneurial business opportunities. Jack brought theory, ...instruments, and data together in ways that are applicable not only in the context of a given test of reading or mathematics ability, but which more importantly catalyzed literacy and numeracy capital in new fungible expressions. Though Jack did not reflect in writing on the inferential, constructive processes in which he engaged, much can be learned by reviewing his work with his accomplishments in mind. A Foreword by Stenner's colleague and co-author on multiple works, William P. Fisher, Jr., provides key clues concerning (a) how Jack's understanding of measurement and its values aligns with social and historical studies of science and technology, and (b) how recent developments in collaborations of psychometricians and metrologists are building on and expanding Jack's accomplishments. This is an open access book.
The inconsistent thermal quenching performance of manganese(II)-doped Cs.sub.3Cu.sub.2I.sub.5 microparticles is exploited in a highly sensitive noninvasive optical thermometer. The ratio of the ...emissions of Cu(II) and Mn(II) ions in the microparticles is highly temperature dependent in the range from 298 to 498 K. The best absolute and relative sensitivities are 0.547 K.sup.-1 and 0.525% K.sup.-1, respectively. The emission spectrum, under 300-nm photoexcitation, has emission peaks at 448 and 556 nm. This is the result of energy transfer between the Cu(II) and Mn(II) ions whose efficiency can reach up to 57% when the Mn(II) ion concentration is 2 mol%. The emission color of the microparticles changes from cyan to green when increasing the temperature from 298 to 498 K.
Abstract
As a non-contact measuring instrument, 3D surface profilometer has many advantages such as high precision, good repeatability and high visualization, and has become the mainstream measuring ...equipment in the field of micro and nano detection. Single cut line sample, multi cut line sample and step sample have important applications in micro/nano calibration field. In this paper, 3D surface profilometer is used to measure two kinds of samples. The results are compared with those obtained by National Institute of Metrology. The results show that the results are similar to those obtained by other measuring equipment, which proves the powerful function of 3D surface profilometer.
Optimal nitrogen (N) management is essential for profitable vegetable crop production and to minimize N losses to the environment that are a consequence of an excessive N supply. Proximal optical ...sensors placed in contact with or close to the crop can provide a rapid assessment of a crop N status. Three types of proximal optical sensors (chlorophyll meters, canopy reflectance sensors, and fluorescence-based flavonols meters) for monitoring the crop N status of vegetable crops are reviewed, addressing practical caveats and sampling considerations and evaluating the practical use of these sensors for crop N management. Research over recent decades has shown strong relationships between optical sensor measurements, and different measures of crop N status and of yield of vegetable species. However, the availability of both: (a) Sufficiency values to assess crop N status and (b) algorithms to translate sensor measurements into N fertilizer recommendations are limited for vegetable crops. Optical sensors have potential for N management of vegetable crops. However, research should go beyond merely diagnosing crop N status. Research should now focus on the determination of practical fertilization recommendations. It is envisaged that the increasing environmental and societal pressure on sustainable crop N management will stimulate progress in this area.
The purpose of this work is the authors' attempt to identify the main phases of information transformation in measurement channels on the example of an optical measurement channel with microprocessor ...control. The authors include such phases: hardware implementation and analytical representation of an optical sensor's converting functions and a current-to-voltage converter; based on the methods of experimental computer science, the converting functions and sensitivity are deduced, analytical dependences for estimation of a range of measurement are obtained. It is shown that the choice of information transmission type in the microprocessor measuring channel significantly affects the speed of the measuring channel. Based on the uncertainty in the form of entropy before and after measurements, the amount of information for measuring channels with optoelectronic sensors is estimated. The application of the results obtained in the work allows even at the design stage of physical and mathematical modeling to assess the basic static metrological characteristics of measuring channels, aimed at reducing the stage of development and debugging of hardware and software and standardization of their metrological characteristics.
The goal of privacy metrics is to measure the degree of privacy enjoyed by users in a system and the amount of protection offered by privacy-enhancing technologies. In this way, privacy metrics ...contribute to improving user privacy in the digital world. The diversity and complexity of privacy metrics in the literature make an informed choice of metrics challenging. As a result, instead of using existing metrics, new metrics are proposed frequently, and privacy studies are often incomparable. In this survey, we alleviate these problems by structuring the landscape of privacy metrics. To this end, we explain and discuss a selection of over 80 privacy metrics and introduce categorizations based on the aspect of privacy they measure, their required inputs, and the type of data that needs protection. In addition, we present a method on how to choose privacy metrics based on nine questions that help identify the right privacy metrics for a given scenario, and highlight topics where additional work on privacy metrics is needed. Our survey spans multiple privacy domains and can be understood as a general framework for privacy measurement.
•Study analyzed chipping volume occurred during rotary ultrasonic drilling.•Investigation on tool wear takes place at three drilling stages.•A novel coordinate measuring machine is used to quantify ...the chipping volume.•The mathematical volume of chipping is expressed as Vc=πtc13(rc2+rc.Rc+Rc2)-rc2.•Best parametric combination is obtained to achieve the least chipping volume.
Float glass’s utility is emerging continuously; major application of float glass is in solar panel and architecture glass. However, the researchers are still bearing drilling problems i.e. chipping near hole’s exit corner and tool wear. Therefore, this study has carried out a designed experimental investigation while drilling float glass by Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) process. The authors have made an attempt to estimate the relationship between selected machining parameters i.e. feed rate, vibration amplitude and tool diameter with the chipping amount at hole exit. The core objective is to reduce the chipping by optimizing the opted machining factors. The novelty of this work is a measurement of chipping using coordinate measuring machine (CMM). It is revealed that the least volume of chipping is estimated as 3.81 mm3. The best parametric combination to obtain the least amount of chipping volume is considered as the first level of feed rate (F1), the third level of vibration amplitude (A1) and the first level of tool diameter (TD1). This study investigates the tool wear occurs at three different drilling stages. Tool (6 mm diameter) has carried out least amount of weight loss i.e. 4.78%. The tool which contains the least surface area (integrated lateral and end face) in contact with the workpiece sample has created minimum weight loss.
This paper presents an extended scientific HDO/H.sub.2 O total column data product from short-wave infrared (SWIR) measurements by the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) including clear-sky ...and cloudy scenes. The retrieval employs a forward model which accounts for scattering, and the algorithm infers the trace gas column information, surface properties, and effective cloud parameters from the observations. Compared to the previous clear-sky-only data product, coverage is greatly enhanced by including scenes over low clouds, particularly enabling data over oceans as the albedo of water in the SWIR spectral range is too low to retrieve under cloud-free conditions. The new dataset is validated against co-located ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The median bias for clear-sky scenes is 1.4x10.sup.21 molec cm.sup.-2 (2.9 %) in H.sub.2 O columns and 1.1x10.sup.17 molec cm.sup.-2 (-0.3 %) in HDO columns, which corresponds to -17 0/00 (9.9 %) in a posteriori deltaD. The bias for cloudy scenes is 4.9x10.sup.21 molec cm.sup.-2 (11 %) in H.sub.2 O, 1.1x10.sup.18 molec cm.sup.-2 (7.9 %) in HDO, and -20 0/00 (9.7 %) in a posteriori deltaD. At low-altitude stations, the bias is small at low and middle latitudes and has a larger value at high latitudes. At high-altitude stations, an altitude correction is required to compensate for different partial columns seen by the station and the satellite. The bias in a posteriori deltaD after altitude correction depends on sensitivity due to shielding by clouds and on realistic a priori profile shapes for both isotopologues. Cloudy scenes generally involve low sensitivity below the clouds, and since the information is filled up by the prior, a realistic shape of the prior is important for realistic total column estimation in these cases. Over oceans, aircraft measurements with the Water Isotope System for Precipitation and Entrainment Research (WISPER) instrument from a field campaign in 2018 are used for validation, yielding biases of -3.9 % in H.sub.2 O and -3 0/00 in deltaD over clouds. To demonstrate the added value of the new dataset, a short case study of a cold air outbreak over the Atlantic Ocean in January 2020 is presented, showing the daily evolution of the event with single-overpass results.
The article analyses and evaluates the ever-important topic of assessing geometric deviation of tolerated formations related to bases with the usage of coordinate measuring machines. The basic system ...for off-line simulation consists of the coordinate planes of a component’s coordinate system. At the beginning of the measurement, the coordinate system is created by the “3–2–1” alignment. Due to production deviations in real surfaces of the component, each measurement generates mutually different coordinate systems, which is well proven by the experiment on measuring with a coordinate measuring machine DEA Global Performance 12.22.10. An integral part of the article is also the quantification of geometric deviations of ideal tolerated formations related to bases, the estimate of the uncertainty of measurement arising from the placement of points in defining the base system, and the effect of such uncertainty upon the interval of satisfactory values in conformity with the STN EN ISO 14253-1 technical standard. The article also includes a proposal measure in order to ensure the reproducibility of defining the mutual position of coordinate systems.
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