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•MeJA-loaded gelatin/pullulan/chitosan film alleviated lignification in loquat fruit.•The increase in firmness and lignin content of the fruit was inhibited by the film.•The film ...enhanced SOD, APX and CAT activity and inhibited POD activity in fruit.•The film remained effective throughout 12 d storage, better than MeJA vapor treatment.•The film can package fruit due to good mechanical properties, transparency and WVT.
In this work, the MeJA-loaded gelatin/pullulan/chitosan composite biofilm was prepared to inhibit the chilling lignification of the loquat fruit during storage at 0 °C. The firmness and lignin content were decreased by 89 % and 81.77 % after MeJA-loaded biofilm treatment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) production was almost completely suppressed and chilling injury of loquat fruit was significantly reduced. Enzyme activity results show that the biofilm alleviated chilling lignification mainly by inhibiting peroxidase (POD) activity in the phenylpropanoid pathway (PCCs = 0.715, with lignin content). Also, the conventional MeJA vapor treatment only alleviated lignification on day 3, but the biofilm treatment had a better and more sustained effect throughout the whole storage due to its sustained release ability. Besides, the biofilm had good mechanical properties, transparency and water vapor transmission rate. This work indicates that loading preservatives into biofilms has a promising application prospect for inhibiting the postharvest quality deterioration of fruit and vegetables.
Introduction Alfalfa, a globally cultivated forage crop, faces significant challenges due to its vulnerability to salt stress. Jasmonates (JAs) play a pivotal role in modulating both plant growth and ...response to stressors. Methods In this study, alfalfa plants were subjected to 150 mM NaCl with or without methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The physiological parameters were detected and a transcriptomic analysis was performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying MeJA-mediated salt tolerance in alfalfa. Results Results showed that exogenous MeJA regulated alfalfa seed germination and primary root growth in a dose-dependent manner, with 5µM MeJA exerting the most efficient in enhancing salt tolerance. MeJA at this concentration elavated the salt tolerance of young alfalfa seedlings by refining plant growth, enhancing antioxidant capacity and ameliorating Na+ overaccumulation. Subsequent transcriptomic analysis identified genes differentially regulated by MeJA+NaCl treatment and NaCl alone. PageMan analysis revealed several significantly enriched categories altered by MeJA+NaCl treatment, compared with NaCl treatment alone, including genes involved in secondary metabolism, glutathione-based redox regulation, cell cycle, transcription factors (TFs), and other signal transductions (such as calcium and ROS). Further weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) uncovered that turquoise and yellow gene modules were tightly linked to antioxidant enzymes activity and ion content, respectively. Pyruvate decar-boxylase (PDC) and RNA demethylase (ALKBH10B) were identified as the most central hub genes in these two modules. Also, some TFs-hub genes were identified by WGCNA in these two modules highly positive-related to antioxidant enzymes activity and ion content. Discussion MeJA triggered a large-scale transcriptomic remodeling, which might be mediated by transcriptional regulation through TFs or post-transcriptional regulation through demethylation. Our findings contributed new perspectives for understanding the underneath mechanisms by which JA-mediated salt tolerance in alfalfa.
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•MeJA promotes fruit anthocyanin and volatile compound accumulation.•MeJA increases fruit firmness and anti-stress ability.•MeJA downregulates fruit ethylene production.•Ethylene ...suppresses fruit accumulation and decrease titratable acidity.•Heterologous expression of PpAOS promotes strawberry fruit anthocyanin accumulation.
In order to investigate the role of jasmonates (JAs) during the ripening of peach fruit, two concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 10 and 100mM) were evaluated using field system. Fruit quality parameters, such as the contents of anthocyanin, volatile compounds and cell wall enzymes, and the transcriptional profiles of several ripening-related genes were analyzed. Our results showed that MeJA promoted fruit chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin accumulation, volatile compounds enhancement, but it would also delay fruit softening through regulation cell wall enzymes activities of PG and cellulase. MeJA increased fruit anti-stress because of the promotion of SOD, POD, CAT, PPO enzyme activities. MeJA reduced fruit endogenous ethylene content, although ethylene accelerated fruit softening and decreased titratable acidity that resulted in fruit ripening. MeJA altered the expression profiles of its biosynthesis pathway genes of PpLOX, PpAOS, and PpOPR3, which resulted the accumulation of JA accumulation in peach fruit. MeJA also increased the expression levels of anthocyanin-associated genes PpMYB, PpPAL, PpCHS, PpCHI, PpF3H, PpDFR, and PpUFGT. MeJA increased chlorophyll degradation gene of PpPAO, as well as decreased its biosynthesis gene of PpPORC, which led to chlorophyll reduction. However, ethylene had a reverse effect on the genes’ expression levels, and it inhibited anthocyanin accumulation. Ultimately, heterologous expression peach PpAOS in strawberry showed that JA promoted fruit anthocyanin accumulation. The present findings suggest that JA promotes peach fruit ripening through regulation anthocyanin accumulation, which is different from the way triggered by ethylene in regulation peach fruit ripening.
•An AM fungal inoculum was used alone or in combination with MeJA on fenugreek.•Chemical and biological priming were effective in fenugreek under water deficit.•Applied treatments differentially ...affect secondary metabolite accumulation.•The AM fungal inoculum and MeJA improved trigonelline and diosgenin content.•MeJA treatment positively affected symbioses development under water deficit.
Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) is a leguminous plant that produces secondary metabolites frequently used in medicinal and food preparation. Here, the role of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal inoculum, alone or in combination with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) chemical treatment, was evaluated on the production of trigonelline and diosgenin in fenugreek plants grown under mild water limitation. After inoculation, fenugreek plants were subjected to several combined treatments, i.e. well-watered (NS) and water-stressed (WS), both treated with different MeJA concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 mL/L). At the end of the experiment, in addition to trigonelline and diosgenin content, an array of plant growth parameters (i.e. fruit, stem and root dry weights, fruit number) and biochemical stress markers (i.e. proline, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, MDA) were examined. Results mainly showed a significant increase in production of the considered secondary metabolites, although they are differentially influenced by the individual factors (Stress, SYM, MeJA) and their interactions. SYM treatment was more effective on the production of trigonelline, independently from growth conditions, while diosgenin biosynthesis was influenced by the presence of root symbioses only in combination with MeJA treatment. A differential impact, depending on the applied treatment (inoculum, MeJA treatments, water deficit), on plant growth and on production of the considered bioactive molecules was revealed, providing new information on the effect of biological and chemical priming treatments.
•Suboptimal low root-zone temperature caused oxidative stress in the roots.•Suboptimal low root-zone temperature could trigger the JA signal in the roots.•Exogenous MeJA could enhance antioxidant ...capacity in the roots.
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been documented to mitigate the oxidative stress caused by abiotic triggers. In this study, we investigated the mechanism through which exogenous MeJA alleviates oxidative damage in the roots of Malus baccata under a suboptimal low root-zone temperature. A suboptimal low root-zone temperature promoted increases in the activity and transcription of allene oxide synthase (AOS) and jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT), elevated the levels of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA), MeJA and jasmonate isoleucine (JA-Ile), and induced the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The addition of exogenous MeJA further increased the JA (1 h, 12–24 h), MeJA (1–24 h), and JA-Ile (1–6 h) contents and enhanced the activities and transcription of lipoxygenase (LOX) and JMT. The upregulated expression of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) and MdMYC2 indicated that suboptimal low root-zone temperature could activate JA signalling in roots, and exogenous MeJA could further strengthen JA signalling under low-temperature stress. Exogenous MeJA alleviated oxidative damage to stressed roots by enhancing ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle activity. In addition, pre-treatment with phenidone (an inhibitor of lipoxygenase) exerted the opposite effects to those induced by exogenous MeJA treatment. These findings indicated that exogenous MeJA enhanced antioxidant systems and detoxified ROS by regulating JA signalling and thereby protected M. baccata roots from damage caused by suboptimal low root-zone temperature stress.
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•Adventitious root culture from leaf explants of Tripterygium wilfordii was established.•Murashige and Skoog liquid media with 2 mg/L 1-naphthylacetic acid was optimum for celastrol ...production.•Elicitation is a good strategy for enhancing the celastrol content in adventitious root cultures.•Adventitious root culture of T. wilfordii is a potential method for celastrol production.
Adventitious root cultures of medicinal plants are considered as a source of raw material for pharmaceutical industries. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. is a traditional medicinal plant used for treating various inflammations. Celastrol is the major bioactive compound in the roots of T. wilfordii and it possesses activities against arthritis, lupus, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and obesity. Direct adventitious roots were initiated from leaf explants of T. wilfordii in 1/2 salt strength Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) solid media supplemented with 0.25 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid and 0.25 mg/L 1-naphthylacetic acid and then used to establish root suspension cultures. Optimization experiments showed that MS liquid media with 2 mg/L 1-naphthylacetic acid was optimum for celastrol production. Comparison of celastrol content in suspension cells, natural roots and adventitious roots showed that the adventitious roots have great potential for celastrol production. The elicitation effects of different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) on root growth and celastrol production were investigated. 100 μM MeJA significantly increased celastrol content in adventitious roots to 6321.27 μg/g dry weight. The results reveal that elicitation is a good strategy for enhancing the celastrol content in adventitious root cultures. The study showed that adventitious root culture of T. wilfordii is a viable alternative method for celastrol production.
Teosinte Branched1/Cycloidea/Proliferating cell factor (TCP) genes constitute a unique and small class of transcription factors in plants, and are highly important in hormone response and secondary ...metabolite accumulation. However, Senna tora L. (S. tora) TCP genes have not been studied. In this study, the whole S. tora TCP genome was analyzed to explore its evolution and function. A protein interaction experiment was conducted to further analyze the involvement of TCP in jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction. A total of 24 TCP TFs were identified in the S. tora genome, and were divided into 2 classes and 3 subfamilies. We found that 16 StTCP gene pairs with collinearity were distributed on 10 different chromosomes, with only one tandem repeat. The expression profiles at different seed developmental stages and tissue specificity analysis showed that StTCP4.1 and StTCP11 may regulate the synthesis of anthraquinone compounds in S. tora. Gene expression levels determined under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment and gene network correlation analysis showed that StTCP4.1 and StTCP11 may be involved in jasmonic acid (JA) response signaling. In addition, subcellular localization analysis showed that StTCP4.1 and StTCP11 were expressed and elicited their functions in the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and luciferase complementation (LCI) assay findings showed that StTCP4.1 could directly interact with StMYC2a. In summary, these findings lay a new foundation for improving understanding on the complex mechanism underlying StTCP function in response to JA-induced signaling pathways and on the regulation of secondary metabolite synthesis in S. tora.
●A total of 24 TCP genes were identified in the Senna tora genome, which was divided into 3 subfamilies.●Only one tandem repeat events occurred in StTCP genes.●The heatmap of 24 StTCPs in different stages of seed development was established.●StTCP4.1 and StTCP11 were highly expressed in seeds, and functioned in the nucleus.●StTCP4.1 and StTCP11 directly interact with StMYC2a, which could regulate the biosynthesis of anthraquinone compounds in the JA signaling pathway of Senna tora.
The aims of this research are: 1). To find out differences in student learning outcomes in table tennis learning through the application of the Multiball and the Guided method, 2). To find out which ...method is better between the Multiball and the Guided method for student learning outcomes in Table Tennis courses. The subjects of this research were 32 male students of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, University of Pattimura for the 2020/2021 Academic Year who offered Table Tennis courses. This research is a type of experimental research using a quantitative descriptive approach. The instrument used for data collection was a table tennis performance test. Based on the results of the research and data analysis, it shows that: 1) There is a difference, but not significant, in the student table tennis learning outcomes after being treated with the Multiball training method and the Guided training method. 2) There is no better method between the Multiball training method and the Guided training method.
The flower of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the ability to improve cerebral blood flow. Flavonoids are the primary bioactive ...components in safflower, and their biosynthesis has attracted widespread interest. Previous studies mostly used second-generation sequencing platforms to survey the putative flavonoid biosynthesis genes. For a better understanding of transcription data and the putative genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower, we carry our study.
High-quality RNA was extracted from six types of safflower tissue. The RNAs of different tissues were mixed equally and used for multiple size-fractionated libraries (1-2, 2-3 and 3-6 k) library construction. Five cells were carried (2 cells for 1-2 and for 2-3 k libraries and 1 cell for 3-6 k libraries). 10.43Gb clean data and 38,302 de-redundant sequences were captured. 44 unique isoforms were annotated as encoding enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The full length flavonoid genes were characterized and their evolutional relationship and expressional pattern were analyzed. They can be divided into eight families, with a large differences in the tissue expression. The temporal expressions under MeJA treatment were also measured, 9 genes are significantly up-regulated and 2 genes are significantly down-regulated. The genes involved in flavonoid synthesis in safflower were predicted in our study. Besides, the SSR and lncRNA are also analyzed in our study.
Full-length transcriptome sequences were used in our study. The genes involved in flavonoid synthesis in safflower were predicted in our study. Combined the determination of flavonoids, CtC4H2, CtCHS3, CtCHI3, CtF3H3, CtF3H1 are mainly participated in MeJA promoting the synthesis of flavonoids. Our results also provide a valuable resource for further study on safflower.
Artemisia argyi Lev. et Vant. ( A. argyi ) is a perennial grass in the Artemisia family, the plant has a strong aroma. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is critical to plant growth and development, stress ...response, and secondary metabolic processes. The experimental material Artemisia argyi was utilized in this study to investigate the treatment of A. argyi with exogenous MeJA at concentrations of 100 and 200 μmol/L for durations of 9 and 24 h respectively. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted using the Illumina HiSeq platform to identify stress resistance-related candidate genes. Finally, a total of 102.43 Gb of data were obtained and 162,272 unigenes were identified. Differential analysis before and after MeJA treatment resulted in the screening of 20,776 differentially expressed genes. The GO classification revealed that the annotated unigenes were categorized into three distinct groups: cellular component, molecular function, and biological process. Notably, binding, metabolic process, and cellular process emerged as the most prevalent categories among them. The results of KEGG pathway statistical analysis revealed that plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, and plant-pathogen interaction were significant transduction pathways in A. argyi ’s response to exogenous MeJA-induced abiotic stress. With the alteration of exogenous MeJA concentration and duration, a significant upregulation was observed in the expression levels of calmodulin CaM4 (ID: EVM0136224 ) involved in MAPK signaling pathway-plant and auxin response factor ARF (ID: EVM0055178 ) associated with plant-pathogen interaction. The findings of this study establish a solid theoretical foundation for the future development of highly resistant varieties of A. argyi .
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