This qualitative and quantitative study aims at shedding the light on the use of metaphor in COVID-19 speeches of the American President Joe Biden. Metaphor is considered to be one of the common ...linguistic strategies that are pervasively used in different types of discourse including speech. This study focuses on analyzing metaphor according to their source domains and to investigate their functions using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) as a semantic cognitive approach. As opposed to the decorative approach, CMT states that metaphor “plays a central role in thought, and is indispensable to both thought and language” (Degani, 2005). This approach was first elaborated by Lakoff and Johnson and is the most accepted theory that relates metaphor to cognition. The study aims at answering the following questions: (1) What are the most frequent source-domain categories of conceptual metaphors used in COVID-19 speeches of Joe Biden?; (2) What is the density of metaphor in various speeches delivered by Joe Biden? and finally (3) What are the main functions of metaphors found in Biden’s speeches? The findings revealed that the most common used source domains are Unity, Object, person, spatial and War metaphors, respectively. Moreover, the study has found that Urges America to Wear Masks is denser in metaphor than COVID-19 Response& Vaccine and Biden's Speech on Corona Virus. Finally, metaphor is used for several functions such as simplifying, convincing people and for emotive functions.
Helplessness and hopelessness are common key dynamics of depression that often inhibit therapeutic progress and client recovery. Based on a case example, this article examines the processes for ...effectively communicating therapeutic interventions aimed toward building hope when other approaches have failed. It explores the use of therapeutic metaphors including assessing for positive outcomes, building the PRO Approach for creating therapeutic metaphors and using Hope Theory as an example of an evidence-based process for facilitating both hope and enhanced treatment outcomes. It concludes with an illustrative metaphor within a hypnotic model and a step-by-step process for building your own hope-enhancing metaphors.
This study aims to investigate metaphorical representation in Javanese food names in terms of linguistic forms, metaphorical element distribution, similarity basis, source domains, and sociocultural ...factors underlying their existence. This study employed a qualitative approach by positioning researchers for collecting and generating data through literature studies, with questionnaire responses from 50 native respondents. The results of the analysis showed that Javanese metaphorical food names were expressed in various linguistic forms, including monomorphemic and compounded words consisting of compounding (whether on the first, last, or entire expression), contraction, and reduplication processes. Further analysis then revealed that everything related to humans and mythologies, animals, plants, natures, things, and actions were used as metaphor source domains; and compared based on shape, size, function, texture, colour, taste, and state. By considering the juxtaposition between metaphor and culture, this study concluded that the environment significantly impacts the meanings that Javanese members of groups use to understand other aspects of their world.
The text is an invitation to linguists to deal with the language of the “hard” sciences and thus contribute to the clarification of its contents and its correct use. In doing so, I have tried to ...argue that technical-scientific language is a part of natural language and as such should be the subject of studies by linguists. This belonging is also manifested in the use made within the technical-scientific communication of tools such as metaphor and analogy to expand the domain of knowledge, considered here as a collection of experimentally verifiable statements. To the extent that science wants to communicate contents and guide a praxis it must use rethorical tools providing plausible arguments in support of its indications regarding choices and actions aimed at the future. An unaware use of these tools can produce distortions that reflect on the misuse of science and of the arguments that derive legitimacy from its authority.
Messages regarding climate change that are intended to stimulate responsible engagement can impact our mental health in both positive and negative ways, which in turn can increase or limit the ...potential engagement being sought through those very messages. Increasingly alarmist environmental metaphors are being brought into question due to their possibly detrimental impact on mental health and well-being, and in their place, relational environmental metaphors are proffered to instill hopeful and constructive individual and collective engagement for responsible climate action. This article discusses how both alarmist and relational environmental metaphors interact with eco-emotions. It proposes, in light of concepts arising from Porges' Polyvagal Theory - on the psychophysiology of autonomic states created in contexts of threatening cues and feelings of safety and connection -, that relational environmental metaphors are preferable for stimulating responsible collective engagement and fostering global well-being in the midst of climate change.
Shakespeare is one of the most translated and retranslated English language authors into Arabic. Ever since the rise of the modern translation movement, translating Shakespeare into Arabic has ...continued to receive the attention of translators and researchers in the field of translating literature. But most academic and critical research on the translation of Shakespeare into Arabic has focused on the sociocultural implications of the translation process while neglecting aspects related to Shakespeare’s language and thought. One of the multifarious challenges of translating Shakespeare into Arabic is the Bard’s use of creative metaphors which account for the richness, exquisiteness and creativity of Shakespeare’s lexical and conceptual legacy. This paper aims to research one of the restrictions of translating Shakespeare’s creative metaphors in two Arabic translations of Macbeth with specific focus on the colour metaphors of the emotion of fear. The research methods adopt the improved version of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in identifying, collecting and analysing the tokens in the source and target texts. The study shows that the translation of a creative metaphor into Arabic is influenced by the degree of saliency in the associations between the metaphor’s two conceptual domains. It also concludes that the revised CMT provides a reliable framework for understanding and analysing the communicative function of creative metaphors in discourse. The results also show that the deconstruction of conceptual metaphors back into their basic kernel patterns provides a good but inadequate strategy to translate highly-contextualized uses of creative metaphors in the case of lexical or conceptual restrictions.
The intangible and (often) young nature of socio-technical phenomena makes them difficult to understand and communicate. Researchers and practitioners have responded by applying metaphors, ...prescribing an epistemological structure to these phenomena. While metaphors are frequently applied, researchers have paid limited attention to their applications and limitations. To address this gap, we applied a mixed-method approach, exploring the communities’ applications of metaphors for the conceptual development of socio-technical phenomena, using two communities: Open Government Data and IT Development and Maintenance. We synthesised 21 articles and two books into an emergent analytical framework, Communities’ Applications Of Metaphors (CAOM). We collected empirical material for each community’s academic and practical sides between 2015–2020, resulting in 100 articles and 263 documents. We conducted a word frequency analysis and an in-depth analysis of the empirical material, drawing on CAOM. The contributions are the emergent CAOM framework with the key concepts of metaphors’ usage, expression, and assemblages of metaphors. We conclude that the application of metaphors in communities is influenced by community type and metaphors’ role, while the topic influences metaphor selection. Metaphors are combined to create new ways of reasoning. We recommend that governments draw on action-oriented metaphors when writing policies for socio-technical phenomena, while digital government researchers should include action-oriented elements when they develop metaphors, which can help practitioners put new knowledge into practice.
Metaphors have had an important role to play in the theory and practice of epidemiology. Some well-known examples include “black boxes,” the “web of causation,” “shoe-leather epidemiology,” the ...“ivory tower” and the ubiquitous “gold standard.” Metaphors like these do not replace methods or principles but rather like memes can spark a creative response and thoughtful reflection. In this paper, I bring to the attention of epidemiologists a metaphor that originated forty years ago in a paper describing and explaining measures of disease incidence. The authors wrote about a “sea of population time” to represent how incident disease events—specifically, incidence density measures— occur in the two-dimensional space of person-time. A “sea of population time” or “sea of person time” seems ideally suited as a metaphor for creative and thoughtful development in epidemiology. The vast and varied characteristics of oceans provide a plethora of ideas that can potentially help us to think more deeply about the role and responsibilities of epidemiologists. As an example, consider the notion that epidemiologists' journey across this sea in their methodologically-laden and concept-heavy fishing boats searching for the causes of disease. At the same time, epidemiologists live in the sea itself subject to and thus at risk of all the same diseases that affect human populations. Storms on this imaginary sea could sink our boats causing us to rethink conceptual and methodological frameworks. Here I provide in lyric form examples that explore what might exist behind the sea of person time and on its shores.
In this paper, we discuss a number of methodological problems we have encountered in identifying and analysing metaphors in a corpus of conversations about cancer. These problems relate particularly ...to: (i) the boundary between the literal and the metaphorical in the identification of linguistic metaphors; (ii) the precise identification of tenor and vehicle in relation to each linguistic metaphor; (iii) the extrapolation of conceptual metaphors from linguistic metaphors; and (iv) the extrapolation of conventional metaphors from patterns in the data. We begin with a discussion of the way in which metaphors are commonly analysed within the cognitive paradigm, and introduce in detail Steen’s From linguistic to conceptual metaphor in five steps. In: Gibbs, R., Steen, G. (Eds.), Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, p. 57, 1999 proposal for an explicit and rigorous procedure for metaphor analysis. We then present a range of examples from our corpus that pose problems at different points in Steen’s procedure, and demonstrate how different decisions in the process of analysis lead to dramatically different conclusions as to the way in which cancer appears to be metaphorically constructed in our data. In light of our discussion, we propose some adjustments to Steen’s procedure and highlight areas in which further research is needed.
The study investigates the concept of authenticity empirically as constructed by Chinese tourists when they visit tourist attractions in Russia with distinct ethnic or local attributes. The corpus of ...tourists’ reviews has been examined, using a corpus-assisted methodology supported by Wmatrix. A linguistic level of authenticity representation appears to be only a source domain for the conceptual construction of authenticity. Chinese tourists reflect on outer ‘objective’ attributes of authenticity to construct an authenticity of another type. These mental constructs are organized based on the primary ontological and spatial experience. Semantic categories serve as a conceptual source domain that organizes a target domain. The findings show a Chinese tourist conceptualizes authenticity through the metaphors of primary experience, including time-space orientation — PLACE IS A FAR DISTANCE, PAST IS BACK, GOOD IS UP and an ontological metaphor — A TOURED OBJECT IS A CONTAINER. The content of a container is qualified and quantified through a conceptual metaphor of AUTHENTICATING IS LEARNING A CONTAINER. A container is qualified as THE SUPERNATURAL IS A MAGIC PERSON and quantified by a conceptual metaphor UNUSUAL IS LESS.
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