Slate jabelka Baraga, Friderik Irenej
1844
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U članku se argumentira da se suvremena evolucijska etika, u mjeri u kojoj preuzima sociobiološke strategije naturaliziranja ljudskog morala, suočava s nekim ozbiljnim konceptualnim i eksplanatornim ...poteškoćama. Konceptualna se poteškoća sastoji u uvidu da “moral” nije isto što i “altruizam”, već obuhvaća više specifičnih elemenata uslijed kojih ga se smatra upravo moralom, a ne evolucijskim ili psihološkim altruizmom. Eksplanatorna se poteškoća sastoji u uvidu da korektno konceptualizirani fenomen morala nije moguće uklopiti u standardna sociobiološka objašnjenja bez ugrožavanja nekih osnovnih pretpostavki tih objašnjenja, prije svega pretpostavke
“genskog selekcionizma” i pretpostavke “evolucijski stabilnih strategija” (ESS). Osnovni argument glasi da ne možemo zadržati i korektan pojam (opis) ljudskog morala i ključne pretpostavke sociobioloških objašnjenja.
Mnogi suvremeni bioetičari preuzimaju Lockeov pojam osobe za koji je bitna svijest vlastitoga identiteta. Pozivajući se na klasičnu filozofsku tradiciju, u prvome redu Aristotela, Tomu Akvinskoga i ...Kanta, autor kritizira ovakav stav i zagovara da se u etičkoj raspravi rabi pojam »čovjek«.
Čovjek je sve do svojih vegetativnih mogućnosti čovjek. Argument mogućnosti (potencijalnosti) ne niječe da postoje po naravi različite razine. On nije univočan nego analogan. Stoga etika, ali i bioetika ne može biti traktirana, kako to traži Locke, metodom matematike — univočno.
Čemu u bioetici treba dati prednost, čovjeku ili osobi? Ako, protivno svim naturalističkim tendencijama, pojam »čovjek« shvatimo u punom značenju, kako je to slučaj u velikoj zapadnoj tradiciji (posebice Aristotelovoj), onda je ispravan odgovor: o čovjeku. Znakovito je već i to da govorimo o ljudskim pravima, a ne o pravima osobe.
Vatra familiară F. X. Wetzel; Franz Xaver Wetzel, (1849-1903)
1909
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