Seit den frühen 1960er Jahren haben die Vereinten Nationen Wissenschaft und Technik als Bestandteil von Entwicklungspolitik begriffen. Verstand man diese Verbindung zunächst als die Anwendung ...wissenschaftlicher Forschungsergebnisse aus dem globalen Norden, wandte sich in den 1970er Jahren im Zuge der Verhandlungen einer neuen Weltwirtschaftsordnung die Aufmerksamkeit den Strukturen globaler Wissenschaftspolitik zu. Die UN-Konferenz über Wissenschaft und Technik im Dienste der Entwicklung 1979 beschäftigte sich entsprechend mit Möglichkeiten einer Förderung von wissenschaftlicher und technischer Forschung und Lehre insbesondere in Entwicklungsländern. Konflikte zeigten sich in der Frage der Finanzierung von Wissenschaftsförderung, wobei Pläne der G‑77 Länder für eine automatische Gebührenerhebung mit den Vorstellungen führender Industrieländer unvereinbar waren, die auf freiwillige Beiträge bestanden. Vordergründig behandelten die Gespräche die Höhe von Finanzleistungen. Tatsächlich drückten sie jedoch grundsätzlich divergierende Vorstellungen einer Weltordnung aus, so dass Wissenschaft und Technik zum Medium für tiefgreifende Auseinandersetzungen über Fragen globaler Entwicklung und Gerechtigkeit wurden.
•Three clusters of negotiation behaviors identified using latent class analysis.•Negotiator prototypes differ in their formality, commitment, and emotion handling.•Culture is a significant predictor ...of negotiation prototypes.•Opportunities for a “culturally synergetic” approach in cross-cultural negotiation.•Advantages of using mixed qualitative-quantitative methods in negotiation research.
This paper explores the relationship between culture and negotiation, identifying clusters of negotiation patterns and assessing whether the negotiator’s culture affect the probability of adopting one model over the others. We use latent class analysis on a sample of 2099 observations of negotiation behaviors in 69 countries, to identify negotiation clusters and we obtain three negotiation prototypes. One prototype is oriented to personal relationships, the expression of emotions, and a flexible agenda for a polychronic procedure. Another is formal, facts-focused, and monochronic, maximizing economic value but disregarding personal relationships. The third prototype is harder to interpret and might indicate contexts where different negotiation behaviors coexist. Culture, defined taking into account multiple sources, is a significant predictor of negotiation prototypes (beyond other socio-economic factors). Our results highlight the importance of behaviors along the relational-transactional dimension for international negotiations, as well as the advantages of using mixed qualitative-quantitative methods in negotiation research.
Initial random acts can be replicated and evolve into precedents, but precedents can also be built with strategic intent. Regardless of their origin, strategically applying a particular precedent or ...effectively refuting the relevance of a precedent can help a negotiator control decisions and achieve interdependent goals. The purposeful use of precedents has received little attention in the negotiation literature, even though using precedents can be a powerful negotiating tactic. In this study, we examine how past decisions became precedents that helped establish the Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement of 2014 (KAFTA). We further consider how precedents established through KAFTA later influenced trade negotiations with Canada, China, India, and Japan. Following an extensive literature review and field research, we developed a two-dimensional matrix (precedent ownership and negotiator goals) to help guide negotiators both offensively (what I want from you) and defensively (what I don't want to give you). We conclude by proposing research to enhance our understanding of temporal issues in negotiation. No previous study within the negotiation literature has examined precedents empirically.
How does power work in practice? Much of the ‘stuff’ that state agents and other international actors do, on an everyday basis, remains impenetrable to existing International Relations theory. This ...is unfortunate, as the everyday performance of international practices actually helps shape world policy outcomes. In this article, we develop a framework to grasp the concrete workings of power in international politics. The notion of ‘emergent power’ bridges two different understandings of power: as capability or relation. Emergent power refers to the generation and deployment of endogenous resources — social skills and competences — generated in particular practices. The framework is illustrated with an in-depth analysis of the multilateral diplomatic process that led to the 2011 international intervention in Libya. Through a detailed account of the negotiations at the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the European Union, the article demonstrates how, in practice, state representatives translate their skills into actual influence and generate a power politics that eschews structural analysis. We argue that seemingly trivial struggles over diplomatic competence within these three multilateral organizations played a crucial role in the intervention in Libya. A focus on practice resituates existing approaches to power and influence in International Relations, demonstrating that, in practice, power also emerges locally from social contexts.
EU‐27 Public Opinion on Brexit Walter, Stefanie
Journal of common market studies,
20/May , Volume:
59, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Although there has been much interest in British public opinion on Brexit, much less is known about how EU‐27 Europeans view the Brexit negotiations. This is surprising, because Brexit confronts the ...EU‐27 with difficult choices. Whereas accommodating the UK carries the risk of encouraging further countriesto leave the EU, an uncompromising negotiation stance increases the economic and social costs of Brexit. Using original survey data from 39,000 respondents in all EU‐27 countries collected between the start of the Brexit negotiations and December 2018, this article shows that exposure to the economic risks of Brexit makes respondents more willing to accommodate the UK, whereas a positive opinion of the EU decreases their willingness to compromise. Moreover, many Europeans face an accommodation dilemma that moderates these preferences. Overall, the EU‐27 public unsentimentally supports a Brexit negotiation line that safeguards their own interests best.
This study examines whether and how intercultural negotiation dyads that vary in culture-role combinations experience different negotiation processes and outcomes. Participants completed an ...employment contract negotiation with a culturally different counterpart. Results indicated that high-status, high-power distance negotiators paired with low-status, low-power distance negotiators experienced more anger, placed less emphasis on cooperative goals, used less priority information exchange, and, consequently, gained less joint profits than high-status, low-power distance negotiators paired with low-status, high-power distance negotiators. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.
This data feature introduces a new dataset to study peace processes to end organized armed violence in Africa: the African Peace Processes (APP) dataset. The APP dataset includes observations on both ...mediated and unmediated rounds of negotiations in state-based and non-state conflicts in Africa between 1989 and 2019 and builds on conflict data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). The APP dataset covers peacemaking efforts in both active and inactive conflicts. Moreover, the start and end month and year of each observation are specified, giving researchers some flexibility with regard to the temporal unit of analysis they use. In addition to discussing the rationale behind the creation of the APP dataset, we explain the data collection process and show some patterns based on the data. We also illustrate how the data could be used by looking at the association between the no. of peacekeepers deployed and the onset of mediated negotiations in intrastate and non-state conflicts. We find that high no. of peacekeepers are associated with a higher likelihood of negotiations in non-state conflicts, but not in intrastate conflicts. A plausible explanation for this finding is that security concerns play a more important role in the decision to initiate negotiations in non-state conflicts than in intrastate conflicts. Our short analysis thus illustrates the value of having data on both intrastate and non-state conflicts.
In the present research, we developed NegotiAct, a comprehensive coding scheme for negotiations, comprising 47 mutually exclusive behavioral codes. NegotiAct was derived by systematically integrating ...(i) 89 extant coding schemes for negotiations, (ii) pertinent findings from negotiation research, and (iii) specific interaction behaviors that were previously not considered in coding schemes for negotiations (e.g., active listening). To facilitate the application of NegotiAct, we designed a coding manual with precise instructions and with definitions and examples for every code. NegotiAct can be customized to address many research questions in experimental settings as well as field research by splitting codes into more specific behaviors. Thereby, differentiated codes can always be traced back to the original codes, preserving comparability across studies and facilitating cumulative research. In combination with interaction analytical methods, NegotiAct enables scholars to detect and investigate specific communication patterns across the negotiation process. As a first empirical validation of NegotiAct, we demonstrate a substantial interrater reliability for 18 videotaped negotiations (κ = .80) and conduct an exploratory validation analysis, studying the relation of multi-issue offers, active listening, and joint gains.
The success of human civilization is rooted in our ability to cooperate by communicating and making joint plans. We study how artificial agents may use communication to better cooperate in Diplomacy, ...a long-standing AI challenge. We propose negotiation algorithms allowing agents to agree on contracts regarding joint plans, and show they outperform agents lacking this ability. For humans, misleading others about our intentions forms a barrier to cooperation. Diplomacy requires reasoning about our opponents' future plans, enabling us to study broken commitments between agents and the conditions for honest cooperation. We find that artificial agents face a similar problem as humans: communities of communicating agents are susceptible to peers who deviate from agreements. To defend against this, we show that the inclination to sanction peers who break contracts dramatically reduces the advantage of such deviators. Hence, sanctioning helps foster mostly truthful communication, despite conditions that initially favor deviations from agreements.
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