Ko merimo spremembe napetosti na povrsini glave pri branju, j e samoumevno, da gre za tihi nacin branja.8 Ce bi namrec brali naglas, bi se v elektroencefalografskem zapisu pojavljale dodatne motnje ...zaradi aktivnosti in naprezanja misic na obrazu in vratu pri govoru. Osnovna predpostavka EEG snemanja je, da imajo kognitivni (in custveni) procesi v poteku jezikovne obdelave in bralnega razumevanja vpliv na spreminjanje EEG signala, kar pomeni, da je iz teh sprememb mogoce sklepati na razlike v kognitivnem procesiranju jezikovnih podatkov (npr. na semanticno obdelavo, obdelavo sintakticnih Struktur). Kognitivne nevroznanstvene raziskave, ki se (tihega) branja lotevajo s pomocjo ERP metode, je mogoce v grobem razdeliti na tiste, ki se ukvarjajo z merjenjem in analizo elektricne aktivnosti celic mozganske skorje pri branju (samo) posameznih besed (ang. Word-by-Word-Processing), in raziskave, ki jih zanima elektricni potencial mozganov pri branju in razumevanju stavkov (ang. Sentence Reading/Sentence Comprehension). V nevrolingvisticnih ERP raziskavah se povprecni elektricni odziv mozganov na posamezne besede ugotavlja z ozirom na psiholingvisticne dejavnike, kakor so pogostnost pojavljanja besede, njena besednovrstna pripadnost ipd.; besede so za namene eksperimenta bodisi razvrscene v naborne nize oz. sezname bodisi tvorijo besedne pare, tako da je mogoce primerjati odziv mozganov na besednovrstno razlicne besede, na razlicno frekventne besede itd. Besede so lahko vpete v stavke. Pri procesiranju stavkov se uporabljata dve vrsti jezikovnega oz. stavcnega gradiva. Ena vrsta stavkov vsebuje razlicne nepravilnosti oz. odklone, ki jih je mogoce vecinoma umestiti na leksikalnosemanticno in morfo-sintakticno raven, druga vrsta gradiva je ustrezno tvorjena na vseh jezikovnih ravneh. Obe vrsti gradiva se v nevrolingvisticnih eksperimentih uporabljata vzporedno, ker pri funkcijskih slikovnih raziskavah mozganov prideta v postev ponavljanje podobnih dogodkov in primerjava med deloma razlicnimi dogodki (eksperimentalni pogoji), da lahko z analizo signalov izluscimo relativne razlike mozganov med pogoji in zmanjsamo vpliv nakljucnega elektricnega suma. Nevrolingvisticna raziskava torej preverja, v cem je elektricna aktivnost mozganov, ki jo izzovejo pravilno/ustrezno tvorjene besede ali stavki, kakovostno drugacna od tiste, kijo izzovejo oblikoslovno-skladenjski in besednopomenski odkloni. Zaradi tega je elektricni odziv mozganov na razlicno smiselne besede problematicno meriti zgolj s primerjavo posameznih besed in loceno od stavcne strukture oz. sirsega (stavcnega) konteksta. Za povprecenje elektricnega potencíala mozganov na besede v stavcnem kontekstu (naj)pogosteje vzamejo tip jezikovne naloge zapolnjevanja praznih mest v stavku (ang. Cloze Probability Test, nem. Lückentexttest)\ praznina je obicajno na koncu stavka. Tip naloge sta uporabila ze Kutasova in S. A. Hillyard. Pokazala sta, daje komponenta N400 obcutljiva na kontekstualno ne/ ustreznost besede na koncu stavka (nepricakovana besedaje izzvala negativnejsi val N400). Vendar ni mogoce spregledati vpliva, ki ga ima na komponento preostanek stavka oz. predhodni stavcni kontekst, saj v bistvu tlakuje pot besedi, s katero bralee nato zapolni prazno mesto na koncu stavka. Amplituda N400 je torej odvisna od povezanosti s prejsnjimi besedami v stavku, bralcevimi pricakovanji, kakor se oblikujejo v poteku branja, kar pomeni, da ucínek N400 odraza tudi vpliv predhodnega besednega oz. stavcnega konteksta.21 (Kutas/Hillyard 1984; van Petten/ M. Kutas 1987; Osterhaut/Holcomb 1992: 786-87; Kutas/van Petten 1994: 120)22 Podoben tip jezikovne naloge vkljucuje stavcne pare, samo da ti vsebujejo vse besede, eden od stavkov pa se zakljuci s pomensko oz. kontekstualno neustrezno besedo. Ilustrativen primerje ERP raziskava nizozemskih raziskovalcev23 (Haid idr. 2006). Pri stavkíh, kí so vsebovalí semanticne anomalije, je bila ugotovljena negativnejsa amplituda vala N400.24 Elektroencefalografija, na kratko EEG, je ena izmed neinvazivnih metod slikanja mozganov,1 s katero merimo kontinuirano elektricno aktivnost mozganov. Zajeti elektricni signal je »sestevek elektricne aktivnosti vecjega stevila zivcnih celic mozganske skorje«, na njegove lastnosti pa vplivajo tako lastnosti nevronov kakor medsebojni odnosi med nevronskimi omrezji v mozganih. Spremembe v EEG signalu so posledica bolj ali manj usklajenega (sojdelovanja nevronskih omrezij, ki se v EEG zapisu odraza v spreminjajocih se amplitudah zivcne aktivnosti mozganske skorje v razlicnih frekvencnih spektrih. (Silva 1991; Coenen 1995; Whittington idr. 2000; S. Brezan idr. 2004: 63) Signal se zajema s pomocjo elektrod, ki se namestijo napovrsini glave (skalpu). Elektroencefalografija se na podrocju medicine uporablja predvsem preko kvalitativne ocene neposredno vidnih znacilnosti signala - v nevrologiji in psihiatriji npr. za diagnosticiranje epilepsije, ugotavljanje mozganskih disfunkcij, motenj pozornosti. Kvantitativni nacini obdelave signala pa obsegajo razlicne in bolj ali manj kompleksne transformacije po principih teorije obdelave signalov, ki dovoljujejo dolocanje specificnih komponent v signalu, ki so v kontinuiranem posnetku sicer prekrite z elektricnim surnom okolice. Kvantitativno analizo prakticirajo predvsem na podrocjih kognitivne psihologije in kognitivne nevroznanosti, ker omogoca najbolj natancno mero casovnega poteka zaznavnih in kognitivnih procesov v mozganih, z milisekundno locljivostjo, pri cerner pa seje potrebno zavedati, da je prostorska locljivost metode v primerjavi z drugimi metodami funkcijskega slikanja mozganov slaba. Z drugimi besedami lahko z EEG metodami casovno natancno merimo odziv mozganov kot celóte, medtem ko tezje sklepamo na doprinos razlicnih delov mozganov, za kar so uporabnejse druge omenjene neinvazivne metode slikanja. EEG se vse pogosteje uporablja tudi na sorazmerno novih, komercialnih podrocjih, kakor je nevromarketing, kjer je lahko ucinkovit pri odkrivanju vzorcev ravnanj potrosnikov. V empiricni literarni znanosti (ELZ) za to método nimamo relevantnejsih zgledov.2 Zato je zanjo metodolosko in vsebinsko najzanimivejse siroko in v zadnjih petindvajsetih letih hitro rastoce podrocje eksperimentalnih nevrolingvisticnih raziskav. Med njimi pozornost vzbuja skupina raziskav, ki jih zanimajo elektrofizioloske podlage jezikovne obdelave. Ukvarjajo se z merjenjem in analizo sprememb v elektricnih potencialih mozganov in njihovih ritmih, kakor jih izzove kognitivno procesiranje razlicnih vrstjezikovnih podatkov pri branju in pri bralnem razumevanju.
Prispevek predstavlja moške in mešane zbore skladatelja Rista Savina. Pri pisanju le-teh se je Savin naslanjal na ljudska besedila in motiviko ali pa pesnitve ustvarjalcev kot so Anton Aškerc, Oton ...Župančič ter drugi. Skladbe so si po obdelavi motivov in obravnavi posameznih glasovnih skupin precej podobne in slogovno ustrezajo novoromatničnim potezam ter tudi impresionizmu.
V prispevku opisujemo način izboljšane obdelave GNSS-opazovanj za določitev absolutnega položaja objekta na Zemlji ali v njeni bližini s kodnimi GNSSinstrumenti. Obdelava opazovanj poteka je ...izboljšana z upoštevanjem modeliranega vpliva ionosfere v realnem času, kar bo ključno ob prihajajočem višku 24. Sončevega cikla. Zanima nas, kako nenadne spremembe v ionosferi, ki so rezultat dogajanja na Soncu, vplivajo na določitev položaja v enostavnih navigacijskih nalogah. Prikazujemo tudi način modeliranja ionosferske refrakcije iz opazovanj večfrekvenčnih instrumentov, ki omogočajo izvajanje tako kodnih kot faznih opazovanj. Modelirano ionosfersko refrakcijo lahko enostavno uporabimo tudi pri obdelavi opazovanj iz enostavnih enofrekvenčnih kodnih instrumentov. Pri tem pokažemo vlogo stalnih GNSS-postaj, ki širšemu krogu uporabnikov omogočajo pridobivanje boljših podatkov o stanju v ionosferi skorajda v realnem času. V sklepu pokažemo izboljšanje določitve 3D-položaja s kodnimi instrumenti, če uporabimo tako modeliran vpliv ionosferske refrakcije v metodi diferencialnega GNSS. Študijo smo opravili, da bi izboljšali obdelavo kodnih opazovanj med prihajajočim viškom Sončevega cikla, ki naj bi po napovedih nastopil v maju 2013 ; This paper describes GNSS-processing optimisation for better autonomous single-point positioning using single frequency code receivers. GNSS processing improvement is carried out in terms of near-real time ionosphere delay modelling, which will be crucial during the upcoming 24th maximum solar cycle. The main scope of this article is to examine how sudden changes in the ionosphere, caused by events on the Sun, affect autonomous single-point positioning in simple navigation tasks. Further, the specific method of ionosphere delay modelling from actual twofrequency receivers, acquiring carrier phase and code observations, is shown. The modelled value of the ionospheric refraction, which is given in GNSS path delay, is further used in point positioning from singlefrequency code instruments. In addition, we show the advantage of GNSS permanent stations that can supply a wide range of users with better ionosphere data in near real time. From actual experiments, the magnitude of the ionospheric impact on each specific 3D position component is shown and further improved using modelled ionosphere delay values. Finally, we show how to improve GNSS position determination from simple single- or two-frequency GNSS code or carrier-phase receivers in differential GNSS method. This study was conducted for preparations for the upcoming solar cycle maximum, expected to be held in May 2013.
Utilize R to uncover hidden patterns in your Big Data. Perform computational analyses on Big Data to generate meaningful results Get a practical knowledge of R programming language while working on ...Big Data platforms like Hadoop, Spark, H2O and SQL/NoSQL databases, Explore fast, streaming, and scalable data analysis with the most cutting-edge technologies in the marketWho This Book Is For This book is intended for Data Analysts, Scientists, Data Engineers, Statisticians, Researchers, who want to integrate R with their current or future Big Data workflows. It is assumed that readers have some experience in data analysis and understanding of data management and algorithmic processing of large quantities of data, however they may lack specific skills related to R.What You Will Learn Learn about current state of Big Data processing using R programming language and its powerful statistical capabilities Deploy Big Data analytics platforms with selected Big Data tools supported by R in a cost-effective and time-saving manner Apply the R language to real-world Big Data problems on a multi-node Hadoop cluster, e.g. electricity consumption across various socio-demographic indicators and bike share scheme usage Explore the compatibility of R with Hadoop, Spark, SQL and NoSQL databases, and H2O platformIn Detail Big Data analytics is the process of examining large and complex data sets that often exceed the computational capabilities. R is a leading programming language of data science, consisting of powerful functions to tackle all problems related to Big Data processing. The book will begin with a brief introduction to the Big Data world and its current industry standards. With introduction to the R language and presenting its development, structure, applications in real world, and its shortcomings. Book will progress towards revision of major R functions for data management and transformations. Readers will be introduce to Cloud based Big Data solutions (e.g. Amazon EC2 instances and Amazon RDS, Microsoft Azure and its HDInsight clusters) and also provide guidance on R connectivity with relational and non-relational databases such as MongoDB and HBase etc. It will further expand to include Big Data tools such as Apache Hadoop ecosystem, HDFS and MapReduce frameworks. Also other R compatible tools such as Apache Spark, its machine learning library Spark MLlib, as well as H2O.Style and approach This book will serve as a practical guide to tackling Big Data problems using R programming language and its statistical environment. Each section of the book will present you with concise and easy-to-follow steps on how to process, transform and analyse large data sets.
The aim of this article is to investigate methods for the automatic extraction of the infrared (IR) textures for the roofs and facades of existing building models. We focus on the correction of the ...measured exterior orientation parameters of the IR camera mounted on a mobile platform. The developed method is based on point-to-point matching of the features extracted from IR images with a wire-frame building model. Firstly, the extraction of different feature types is studied on a sample IR image; Forstner and intersection points are chosen for a representation of the image features. Secondly, the three-dimensional (3D) building model is projected into each frame of the IR video sequence using orientation parameters; only coarse exterior orientation parameters are known. Then the automatic co-registration of a 3D building model projection into the image sequence with image features is carried out. The matching of a model and extracted features is applied iteratively, and exterior orientation parameters are adjusted with least square adjustment The method is tested on a dataset of a dense urban area. Finally, an evaluation of the developed method is presented with five quality parameters, i.e. efficiency of the method, completeness and correctness of matching and extraction.
In September 2010, one of the greatest floods in recent decades affected Slovenia, following intense rain between September 16th and 19th. Members of the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the ...Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts made their first terrestrial oblique imaging of the floods on Ljubljansko Barje (the Ljubljana moor) from Sv. Ana hill over Podpec on the September 20th, 2010. The floods on the Ljubljana moor, Radensko polje and Dobrepolje were later also covered with handheld imaging made from helicopter on September 23rd, 2010. Terrestrial imaging was made in the time of the highest waters and the imaging from helicopter when the floods were retreating. The floods on Ljubljana moor around Podpec are presented. Images made with the Canon PowerShot SX10 IS non-metric camera were used. The camera was calibrated afterwards, but the calibration data could not be used directly due to not knowing the parameters of zoom in the time of imaging.The flooding boundary was measured from the non-metric images with the interactive orientation of image on the DEM. The results of interactive orientation of non-metric images made with the photogrammetrically derived DEM with a cell size of 5 m ? 5 m and LiDAR derived DEM with a cell size ofl m* 1 mare presented. The evaluation of the method for the 3D data acquisition is also made.
This article presents a review and comparison of the detection capability of water facilities or water surfaces with different systems of remote sensing: optical and radar satellite sensors, as well ...as optical sensors on aircraft. The capabilities of water detection are estimatedfrom several aspects: differences in the spatial and spectral resolution of imagery, the complexity of imagery pre-processing requirements, and the method of analysis and interpretation feasibilities for the type and purpose of mapping. Particular attention is paid to evaluating the applicability of remote sensing data in light of the detection efficiency of water areas in heterogeneously structured environments.
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