In support of the J curve that describes the association between wine consumption and all-cause mortality, researchers and the lay press often advocate the health benefits of (poly)phenol consumption ...via red wine intake and cite the vast amount of in vitro literature that would corroborate the hypothesis. Other researchers dismiss such evidence and call for total abstention. In this review, we take a skeptical, Pythagorean stance and we critically try to move the debate forward by pointing the readers to the many pitfalls of red wine (poly)phenol research, which we arbitrarily treat as if they were pharmacological agents. We conclude that, after 30 years of dedicated research and despite the considerable expenditure, we still lack solid, "pharmacological", human evidence to confirm wine (poly)phenols' biological actions. Future research will eventually clarify their activities and will back the current recommendations of responsibly drinking moderate amounts of wine with meals.
Bisphenol S (BPS) has been introduced as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), and widely used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and thermal papers. Despite its adverse health ...outcomes and widespread exposure, pharmacokinetic data of BPS are not available for either animals or humans. The objective of the study is to describe pharmacokinetic characteristics of BPS in human body after a single oral administration with a compartmental pharmacokinetic model. Seven healthy young adults were orally exposed to 8.75μg/bw of d4-BPS, and serum and urine samples were collected for 48h. The concentrations of total and unconjugated d4-BPS in samples were measured using HPLC-MS/MS. Based on the time-concentration profiles in serum and urine, non-compartmental analysis was performed, and two-compartment model was constructed and validated. As a result of non-compartmental analysis, total d4-BPS was rapidly absorbed within 1h (0.7±0.3h) after oral administration, and excreted in urine with terminal half-life of <7h (6.8±0.7h). Fractional urinary excretion (Fue) of total d4-BPS for 48h was 92±17% (67–104%) for men and 70±36% (59–77%) for women. The two-compartment model well described pharmacokinetic properties of BPS, and its parameter estimates were consistent with those from non-compartmental analysis. This study provides information on absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of BPS in human body, and the pharmacokinetic model can be utilized for estimating exposure dose of BPS, contributing to more realistic exposure assessment.
•Mean residence time of total BPS is human serum was <10h after oral intake.•About 70–90% of applied doses were excreted into urine for 48h.•BPS ADME was well described by a two-compartment model.•Suggestively, BPS is absorbed rapidly and disposed slowly relative to BPA.
Phenolic compounds constitute a group of secondary metabolites which have important functions in plants. Besides the beneficial effects on the plant host, phenolic metabolites (polyphenols) exhibit a ...series of biological properties that influence the human in a health-promoting manner. Evidence suggests that people can benefit from plant phenolics obtained either by the diet or through skin application, because they can alleviate symptoms and inhibit the development of various skin disorders. Due to their natural origin and low toxicity, phenolic compounds are a promising tool in eliminating the causes and effects of skin aging, skin diseases, and skin damage, including wounds and burns. Polyphenols also act protectively and help prevent or attenuate the progression of certain skin disorders, both embarrassing minor problems (e.g., wrinkles, acne) or serious, potentially life-threatening diseases such as cancer. This paper reviews the latest reports on the potential therapy of skin disorders through treatment with phenolic compounds, considering mostly a single specific compound or a combination of compounds in a plant extract.
A series of benzotriazole, cyclic amides and pyrimidine derivatives, containing 2,6-di-
-butyl-phenol fragments, were synthesized. The redox properties of obtained compounds were studied using the ...cyclic voltammetry on a platinum electrode in acetonitrile. The oxidation potentials of all substances were comparable to those of BHT. The obtained compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity, and
-(2-(3,5-di-
-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl)isatin (32 μg/mL) exerted good activity against
Natural phenolic compounds are rich in cereal and pulse seeds and their dietary functions tend to improve dramatically during germination. This article reviews recent research on the transformation ...of phenolic compounds during seed germination. In particular, it highlights the classification of crude phenolic compounds that can be divided into extractable and non-extractable phenolic compounds based on the biosynthesis process and extraction method. It also recommends grouping resorcinol lipids in the category of extractable phenolic compounds as non-polar solvent extractable phenolic compounds. Moreover, it discusses the variation of the different form of phenolic compounds and proposes a possible metabolic model of these phenolic compounds for seeds germination. This article is crucial for phenolic compounds research, cereal and pulse seeds germination, and food ingredients industry.
The volatile organic compound 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol (2,4 DTBP) was purified from the cell free supernatant of a newly isolated Lactococcus sp. by solvent extraction and chromatographic techniques. ...Molecular characterization of the compound by ESI-MS, 1H NMR and FTIR analysis revealed the structure, C14H22O. Fungicidal activity was demonstrated against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium chrysogenum by disc diffusion assay. Among the cell lines tested for cytotoxicity of this compound (normal cell line H9c2 and cancer cell lines HeLa and MCF-7), a remarkable cytotoxicity against HeLa cells with an IC50 value of 10μg/mL was shown. A biocontrol experiment with 2,4 DTBP supplemented fraction prevented growth of the abovementioned fungi on wheat grains. The study further strengthens the case for development of biopreservatives and dietary antioxidants from lactic acid bacteria for food applications.
•Purified the volatile phenolic compound 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol (2,4 DTBP)•2,4 DTBP exhibited antifungal and antioxidant properties.•Compared to normal, cancer cell lines are more sensitive towards 2,4 DTBP.•Wheat grains treated with 2,4 DTBP resisted the fungal attack.
Nitrophenols are important nitroaromatic compounds, both important environmental pollutants and dangerous explosives, posing a devastating danger and pollution threat to humans. It is vital to detect ...efficiently trace nitrophenols in the environment. In this contribution, a series of fully flexible cyclotriphosphazene-based COFs (FFCP COFs: HDADE, HBAPB, and HBPDA), prepared with both a flexible knot and flexible linkers of different lengths, were used for sensing 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and p-nitrophenol (p-NP) in real time with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. The quenching constants of HDADE by TNP, HBAPB, and HBPDA by p-NP are 6.29 × 10sup.4, 2.17 × 10sup.5, and 2.48 × 10sup.5 L·molsup.-1, respectively. The LODs of TNP and p-NP are 1.19 × 10sup.−11, 6.91 × 10sup.−12, and 6.05 × 10sup.−12 mol·Lsup.−1. Their sensitivities increase with the linker length, which is better than the corresponding COFs composed of rigid linkers. There is only a photoinduced electron transfer mechanism in the fluorescence quenching of HBPDA by p-NP. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of photoinduced charge transfer and resonance energy transfer exist in the fluorescence quenching of HDADE by TNP and the fluorescence quenching of HBAPB by p-NP.
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, and human exposure to BPA is thought to be ubiquitous. Thus, there are concerns that the amount of BPA to ...which humans are exposed may cause adverse health effects. Importantly, results from a large number of biomonitoring studies are at odds with the results from two toxicokinetic studies. Objective: We examined several possibilities for why biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies could come to seemingly conflicting conclusions. Data sources: We examined > 80 published human biomonitoring studies that measured BPA concentrations in human tissues, urine, blood, and other fluids, along with two toxicokinetic studies of human BPA metabolism. Data extraction and synthesis: The > 80 biomonitoring studies examined included measurements in thousands of individuals from several different countries, and these studies overwhelmingly detected BPA in individual adults, adolescents, and children. Unconjugated BPA was routinely detected in blood (in the nanograms per milliliter range), and conjugated BPA was routinely detected in the vast majority of urine samples (also in the nanograms per milliliter range). In stark contrast, toxicokinetic studies proposed that humans are not internally exposed to BPA. Some regulatory agencies have relied solely on these toxicokinetic models in their risk assessments. Conclusions: Available data from biomonitoring studies clearly indicate that the general population is exposed to BPA and is at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA. The two toxicokinetic studies that suggested human BPA exposure is negligible have significant deficiencies, are directly contradicted by hypothesis-driven studies, and are therefore not reliable for risk assessment purposes.
Despite offering many options for functionalisation, unattractive synthetic routes have left 2,4-cyclohexadienones relatively unexplored. Reported methods to make these substrates are marred by poor ...regio- and chemoselectivity, toxic reagents, and inefficient processes. The work detailed in this thesis aims to remove barriers to implementation by presenting a synthetic method for their preparation that is selective and predictive, uses benign reagents, and offers excellent yields. To showcase their applicability in synthetic organic chemistry, they will be used as intermediates in the synthesis of meta-substituted phenols and anilines. A three-step process was developed to access the elusive meta-position of phenols and is described in Chapter 2. Here, a straightforward procedure was developed to access a 6,6-disubstituted 2,4-cyclohexadienone from a single, universal bismuth precursor and a phenol. Following the isolation and full characterisation of the 2,4-cyclohexadienone, a Lewis acid mediated 1,2-aryl migration was optimised to provide the meta-arylated phenol. An extensive substrate scope showed that this methodology is applicable to phenols and arylboronic acids bearing a range of electronic descriptors and is permitting of highly functionalised handles poised for subsequent diversification chemistry. In addition to this, the selectivity of the arylation step was assessed and found to be influenced more by electronics than sterics, occurring ipso to the most electron rich position. A comprehensive mechanistic study was undertaken on the 1,2-aryl migration step: passing through a phenonium ion intermediate. Using this chemistry to access meta-substituted phenols, analogues of mexiletine, lidocaine, and dimethachlor were synthesised in excellent yield to showcase how this chemistry can be applied to the targeted synthesis of important biologically active molecules. Chapter 3 builds on this work, developing a route to meta-arylated anilines. Using Bi(V) mediated synthesis of 2,4-cyclohexadienones developed in Chapter 2, a deoxyamination reaction step was implemented to deliver a 2,4-cyclohexadienimine. This was found to be competent in a similar 1,2-aryl migration step, yielding the meta-arylated aniline. This method not only describes a means to access these contra-electronic products, but also a formal phenol to aniline conversion - a highly sought-after transformation.
The aim of the present study was to investigate starch-based materials, prepared in an environmentally friendly way and from renewable resources, suitable for the development of biodegradable active ...food packaging. For this purpose, a bioactive compound (thymol) was incorporated into thermoplastic starch (TPS) and a TPS blend with poly (ε-caprolactone) (TPS-PCL) by the supercritical COsub.2 (scCOsub.2) impregnation process. Impregnation experiments with scCOsub.2 were carried out at a pressure of 30 MPa and temperatures in the range of 40-100 °C during 1 to 20 h. The structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the obtained materials were comprehensively evaluated. Bioactive component release kinetic studies were performed in water at 6 °C and 25 °C. It was shown that the scCOsub.2 impregnation process could be successfully employed for thymol loading into TPS and TPS-PCL. The process was significantly influenced by the operating temperature and time as well as content of PCL. The samples showed a controlled release of thymol within seven days with a higher amount of released thymol from the TPS-PCL blend. The obtained materials are solvent-free and release the bioactive component in a controlled manner.
PDF
