The Austro-Hungarian diplomatic services followed the course of the election campaigns for the State Duma in the Kingdom of Poland closely. This is entirely understandable. The Sejm was a novelty in ...the political life of the Habsburg Monarchy’s northern neighbour. Its functioning could have had far-reaching and difficult to predict consequences for the politics of the Romanov Empire. Reports by Austro-Hungarian diplomats accurately reflected the mood of Polish public opinion and the position of individual groups. They drew attention to the deterioration of ethnic relations in the Kingdom of Poland, both between Poles and Jews and between Poles and Russians. They accurately portrayed the dilemmas of Polish society, its powerlessness and frustration, including disappointment with the State Duma. The parliamentarisation of the political system in Russia and the departure from the self-rule did not improve the position of the Polish people in the tsarist state. The results of the elections to the State Duma confirmed the dominance of national democracy in the political life of the Kingdom of Poland. The Austro-Hungarian diplomats regarded this grouping as the true representation of public sentiment and the dominant force on the Polish political scene. They were not entirely impartial in their reports. Their correspondence shows that they were sympathetic to Polish conservative circles and clearly disliked socialist groups.
On 26 January 2023, a law amending the Electoral Code was adopted. The article aims to analyse the accepted solutions in the context of current political practice and voters decisions. The ...publication is enriched with considerations on research on voter turnout and absenteeism, as well as a description of the main changes introduced by the 2011 amendment to the Electoral Code.
Under the educational background of “Ideological and Political Theories Teaching in All Courses” in colleges and universities across the country, how to effectively realize the multi-dimensional ...integration of ideological and political education into English major courses has become an important topic for foreign language teachers to think and explore. In this paper, based on the core course of English major, “English Viewing, Listening and Speaking”, the goal of ideological and political education is clarified, the teaching content is reconstructed, the teaching design is optimized, the assessment and evaluation are innovated, so a teaching model that integrates the multi-dimensional ideological and political education into all aspects of the course teaching is constructed. While learning professional knowledge and improving language ability, students should enhance their cultural confidence and national feelings, expand their international vision, shoulder their social responsibility of “Share China stories and spread China voice by good communications”. This study will help the ideological and political education model of all-round education and provide reference for the construction and improvement of the ideological and political theories teaching in English major courses.
Accession to the European Union means that each Member State must comply, under the community treaties that have been adopted, with several principles and numerous operating standards, among which ...one can distinguish the maintenance of public finance discipline at a sufficiently low level. An instrument supporting the preservation of an adequate balance of public finance is the so-called excessive deficit procedure. Poland was subjected to the excessive deficit procedure in two periods: 20042008 and 20092015.The article employs a unique research methodology to establish long-term trends in law creation, based on the theory of supply and demand. In particular, this text focuses on the question of whether a certain law was intended to increase or decrease the costs of performing state functions. It demonstrates through the use of the tools of mathematical modeling that the excessive deficit procedure applied to Poland not only had an impact on state finances, but also had a long-term effect on the legislature, which consistently created regulations aimed at reducing public expenditure.The paper underlines the significance of sustainable public finances for macroeconomic stability, using Poland as a case study. Despite the beneficial impact of the excessive deficit procedure in reducing Polands public debt, the research uncovers a recurring pattern of increasing public spending after improving financial stability.
•Education is a way of transferring knowledge.•China is the largest country with the largest population among developing countries.•Quality education has become the focus of educational reforms in ...China.
The aim of this research is to evaluate educational approaches and teaching methods in ideological and political education in China by assessing students' perceptions of ideological and political concepts and their participation in socio-political life. The study is based on the model of the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) and the longitudinal approach to civic education research. The results are moderate and demonstrate that the teaching methods do not promote youth participation in socio-political activities. Among the types of socio-political activities, students are most active in those encouraged by the university (student elections, volunteering), with the main motivation for political activity being additional points and recommendations for job searches. The theoretical contribution lies in the development of theoretical approaches to the thematic analysis of ideological and political education. The practical contribution is a simple and replicable approach for evaluating the methods and outcomes of ideological and political education. The empirical results enable the formation of more successful practices and the implementation of effective modern teaching methods in ideological and political education.
Este texto aborda las relaciones entre la violencia y el derecho desde una perspectiva crítica que cuestiona los enfoques reduccionistas provenientes de la tradición liberal, así como de la tradición ...marxista, que interpretan el derecho desde una lógica instrumental. Retomando aportes de la teoría política, se pretende reconstruir las continuidades que existen entre estos conceptos a partir del concepto de “estado de excepción”, como problema central del poder soberano, pero en función de analizar contextos contemporáneos y poscoloniales a partir de nuevas formas de estatalidad que ya no son “unitarias”. Posteriormente, se retoma el concepto de fetichismo legal como una forma de comprender la fascinación y fuerza que produce la ley (dimensión simbólica y emocional del derecho), aun cuando no ha logrado neutralizar o excluir la violencia de la vida social y el ocultamiento de las relaciones de violencia.
At present, “enhancing the sense of acquisition of Ideological and political theory course for postgraduates” has become an inevitable requirement to realize the development of Ideological and ...political discipline, improve the quality of education and teaching, and implement the mission of moral education. The graduate students’ sense of acquisition of Ideological and political courses is the result of a variety of factors, such as student demand, education supply and external environment. Therefore, by improving the satisfaction of postgraduates to the ideological and political course, enhancing the input of teaching elements and creating the external environment of Ideological and political course teaching, we can strengthen the theoretical and practical significance of education, guide students to adhere to the correct value orientation, and enhance the postgraduates’ sense of acquisition of ideological and political course.
In the 1970s, the Polish sociologist Jan Lutyński created the concept of ‘apparent actions’, that is, activeness undertaken by public authorities at any level which, instead of achieving the set ...goals, only create a fiction of their achievement. The aim of the article is to answer the question about the impact of apparent actions on civic culture. In other words, it is a question of whether, and if so, to what extent, activeness bearing the features of apparent actions described by Lutyński are implicated in the manifestations of (local) civic culture. The hypothesis put forward assumes that apparent actions have a negative impact on civic culture, devastating its individual manifestations and reducing the level of civic activity.
Among European states Nordic countries, including Finland, are often set as examples of countries with high social capital, in which citizens willingly engage into decision-making process. The aim of ...the article is to verify this assumption and to present diverse attitudes of citizens towards local engagement. The article is based on quantitative data (statistics on civic involvement) as well as qualitative research (interviews with councilors from selected Finnish municipalities). The conclusion points at transformation of Finnish democracy and the fact that paradoxically developed institutions of representative democracy may have a negative influence on the wiliness to apply further, non-electoral mechanisms of civic involvement.
The article is an attempt at examining the possibilities for the development of social capital by means of active cultural engagement, as exemplified by participatory theatre. Narrowing the analysis ...to this particular area of artistic practice is not a coincidence. Theatre constitutes one of the most exclusive social spaces within the cultural field, requiring a high degree of cultural competency, and taking the inequality of position between artists and spectators for granted. On the other hand, it is defined by their immediate, face-to-face encounter, which, as compared to other areas of art, provides theatre with an exceptional social potential. The so-called participatory turn in contemporary art has moved theatre into a new domain of social functionality, which cannot be adequately described and researched without the sociological “toolbox”. Hence, the article is also an attempt at taking an interdisciplinary stance and connecting the study of art and society, as well as outlining a proposal for a practical application of sociological knowledge, used not only for the sake of understanding, but also organizing of the artistic practice. In this respect, it addresses the growing interest in applied social research (both filed work, and theory), as shown by political, cultural, and scientific institutions.
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