The interaction of isomeric dinitrobenzenes (DNBs) with titanium(III), tin(II), and vanadium(II) chlorides, which are reducing agents used as electron carriers in the electrosynthesis of ...diaminobenzenes, has been studied. Rate constants of the reduction of isomeric DNBs and nitrophenylhydroxylamines by SnCl
2
and TiCl
3
in a 2 M water-alcohol solution (10 vol.% C
2
H
5
OH) of HCl were measured, and activation energies of the reduction of isomeric DNBs were determined. The rates of interaction of DNBs with the listed mediators increase in the series SnCl
2
< TiCl
3
< VCl
2
. It is shown that the electrolysis of DNBs in the presence of an excess of these mediators makes it possible to obtain the corresponding diaminobenzenes with a yield of 60–90%.
This paper provides an explanation of income dynamics in the posttransition
EU countries from the perspective of institutional changes. As a result of
seemingly-unrelated regressions analysis on ...panel data from 1990-2014, we
find robust evidence of the relationship between income shares and
institutional reforms. The impact of reforms on the top and below-average
income shares is negative, whereas this effect on above above-average income
share is positive. Decline of income share for the richest class during the
post-transitional period can be attributed to the loss of privileges
associated with the existence of an institutional vacuum in the first years
of transition. Although transition increased wages for workers at the end of
income distribution, the job losses had a stronger effect than wage
increase, so the overall effect on income share of this group is negative.
The winners of reforms appear as the workers with above-average income,
whose skills are complementary to the changes instituted by transition to
market economy and integration in the EU.
Background:
Patients discharged early from the medical intensive care unit (MICU) are at risk of deterioration, MICU readmission, and increased mortality. An earlier discharge to a medical ward is ...desirable to reduce costs but it may adversely affect outcomes. To address this problem, a new model for the MICU transition of care was implemented at our academic center: The MICU team continued to manage all patients transferred from the MICU to the medical ward for at least 24 hours.
Methods:
Data were collected for all MICU patients admitted 1 year before and 1 year after the intervention. Hospital length of stay (LOS) after transfer from the MICU, readmission rate, and mortality rate were compared before and after the intervention. A nonparsimonious propensity model based on 30 factors was used to identify matched preintervention and postintervention cohorts.
Results:
A total of 618 of the 848 patients admitted to the MICU were transferred to medical ward during the year prior to the implementation of the new model, and 600 of the 883 patients were transferred during the following year. Pre- and postintervention cohorts were well matched (n = 483 patients in each group). Poisson regression analysis showed a decrease in the hospital LOS after MICU transfer by 1.17 days (P < .001) without a significant change in adjusted mortality (lower by 1.9%, P = .181) and MICU readmission rates (lower by 2%, P = .264).
Conclusion:
A new model for the post-MICU transition of care, with the MICU team continuing to manage all patients transferred to the medical ward for at least 24 hours, significantly decreased duration of hospital stay after MICU transfer without affecting MICU readmission and mortality rate. The implementation of this model may lower medical costs and make transition of care safer without adverse outcomes.
Economic developments in South European countries raise questions about the sustainability of fiscal policy. We aim to study the attitudes of young people in Bulgaria towards prudent economic policy ...and we use the word-associations as a tool for this goal. To our knowledge, this is a pioneer attempt in this field, the present paper shows some results from our pilot study among Bulgarian students in economy.
Članak predstavlja rezultate studije slučaja općine Postira na otoku Braču (Hrvatska), koja su odabrana kao pozitivan primjer održivog otočkog razvoja. Teorijski, rad se temelji na teoriji održive ...lokalne zajednice i njezine četiri dimenzije (ekonomska, ekološka, socijalna i kulturna). Empirijski podaci prikupljeni su analizom dokumentacije i polustrukturiranim intervjuima s ključnim akterima lokalnog razvoja. Studija je pokazala kako u Postirima postoji povezanost navedenih dimenzija održivosti što omogućava razvoj mjesta u smjeru održivosti. Na temelju analize pojedinih dimenzija održivog razvoja, u radu je predstavljen općeniti model održivog razvoja otočnih zajednica. Model pretpostavlja integrirani razvoj lokalne zajednice na načelima održivosti, definira ključne procese i odrednice razvoja, te se može primjenjivati u kontekstu ruralnog razvoja i razvoja otoka, uzimajući u obzir specifičnosti pojedine lokalne zajednice.
The article shows the results of the case study of Postira, a village and a municipality on the island of Brač (Croatia) and presents a positive example of sustainable community development on ...islands in the post-transition social context. Based on the theory of sustainable local community development and its four pillars (economic, ecological, social and cultural), we analyse both the secondary data and the primary data collected from semi-structured interviews with the key actors of local development. The study shows that economic, ecological, social and cultural domaines are connected in Postira which allows for sustainable development of the place. By examining various aspects of sustainable development in Postira, we present the general framework of sustainable island development. It is based on integral development of the local community on sustainability principles, it defines key processes and guidelines and can be applied to rural and island areas, taking into account the specificities of each community.
Članak predstavlja rezultate studije slučaja općine Postira na otoku Braču (Hrvatska), koja su odabrana kao pozitivan primjer održivog otočkog razvoja. Teorijski, rad se temelji na teoriji održive lokalne zajednice i njezine četiri dimenzije (ekonomska, ekološka, socijalna i kulturna). Empirijski podaci prikupljeni su analizom dokumentacije i polustrukturiranim intervjuima s ključnim akterima lokalnog razvoja. Studija je pokazala kako u Postirima postoji povezanost navedenih dimenzija održivosti što omogućava razvoj mjesta u smjeru održivosti. Na temelju analize pojedinih dimenzija održivog razvoja, u radu je predstavljen općeniti model održivog razvoja otočnih zajednica. Model pretpostavlja integrirani razvoj lokalne zajednice na načelima održivosti, definira ključne procese i odrednice razvoja, te se može primjenjivati u kontekstu ruralnog razvoja i razvoja otoka, uzimajući u obzir specifičnosti pojedine lokalne zajednice.
Current global economic trends create a new economic environment for Croatia. They could be described, by two processes amongst others. The first is clear enough abandonment of basic determinants of ...transitional economic policy defined as ‘Washington consensus’. Change of ‘tide’ could be observed in redesigned behavior of both transition architects, International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Even before recent global crisis IMF was revising its approach towards fixed exchange rate and WB has been displaying ‘change of heart’, placing development instead of stabilization on its core agenda sheet. The other process is global financial and expected overall economic crisis seemingly comparable to the Great Depression. It will have far reaching impact on the mainstream economic paradigm.
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