The aim of the presented investigation was to estimate the genetic diversity, and correlation analysis among yield and quality traits in twenty local maize populations. The experiment was based on ...randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the study we compared grain yield, and quality traits such as protein, oil and starch content in grain. The results showed that there were significant differences among populations. The overall mean grain yield was 79.33 g plant-1 with the highest grain yield in population GBK-7 (105.13 g plant-1). The protein and oil contents ranged between 11.02 to 13.02% and 2.56 to 5.57%, respectively. The starch content varied from 68.58 to 70.92%. The first two canonical discriminant functions were significant at p < 0.01. It is important to point out the great relevance of the first two discriminant functions justifying 95.80% of the variability among populations. There were also big differences regarding phenotypic correlations. The study suggests that the quality traits are phenotypically and genotypically highly variable and therefore very useful for breeding process
Namen raziskave je bil proučiti genetsko raznolikost in korelacije med pridelkom in nekaterimi kakovostnimi lastnostmi zrnja (vsebnost beljakovin, olja, škroba in pepela v zrnju) 20 lokalnih populacij koruze na Kosovem. Poskus je bil postavljen po metodi naključnih blokov v 3 ponovitvah. Za vse lastnosti so ugotovljene statistično značilne razlike med proučevanimi populacijami. Povprečni pridelek zrnja vseh populacij je znašal 79,33 g rastlino-1, najvišji pridelek je imela populacije GBK-7 (105,13 g rastlino-1). Vsebnost beljakovin se je gibala med 11,02 in 13,02 %, olja med 2,56 in 5,57 % in škroba med 68,58 in 70.92 %. Z diskriminantno analizo je ugotovljeno, da sta prvi dve komponenti pojasnili 95,80 % varabilnosti med populacijami. Med nekaterimi lastnostmi so za proučevane populacije ugotovili signifikantne korelacije. Glede na veliko genetsko variabilnost smatramo, da bi proučevane lokalne populacije lahko bile koristne v nadaljnjem žlahtnjenju genotipov koruze z dobrimi kakovostnimi lastnostmi zrnja.
A field experiment was conducted on vertisol at Ambo University College (Ethiopia) during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 cropping seasons to investigate the response of tomato cultivars varying in growth ...habit to rates of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers and plant spacing. The treatment consisted of factorial combination of two cultivars (Margelobe and Melka shola), three NP fertilizers rates (50 kg N + 60 kg P2O5/ha, 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha and 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha) and three spacing (100 cm x 30 cm, 80 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 45 cm) arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Results revealed that fertilizer rates and spacing significantly affected the total and marketable fruit yields as well as % marketable fruit yield. Similarly, plant vigor (plant height), number of fruits per cluster and 10 fruit weight were significantly influenced by all of the main factors. Besides the main factors effect, fertilizer rate*spacing and cultivar*spacing interaction effects were also observed on % marketable fruit yield and 10 fruit weight, respectively. The results of 2003/2004 cropping season showed that the application of 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha or 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha resulted in significantly higher total as well as marketable fruit yield of the tomato cultivars. Result of 2004/2005 cropping season, however, demonstrated that only the application the highest fertilizer rate (110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha) resulted in superior fruit yields whilst the other two rates did not significantly differ from each other in affecting fruit yields. Results of both cropping seasons confirmed significantly higher % marketable fruit yield due to the application of either 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha or 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha. Closer spacing of 80 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 45 cm gave higher total as well as marketable fruit yield than the wider spacing of 100 cm x 30 cm.
Na Ambo University College v Etiopiji je bil v letih 2003/2004 in 2004/2005 izveden poljski poskus z dvema kultivarjema paradižnika (determinantnim in nedeterminantnim) da bi raziskali vpliv gnojenja z dušikom (N) in fosforjem (P) ter razdalje med rastlinami na paradižnik. Izveden je bil faktorski poskus z dvema kultivarjema (Margelobe in Melka shola), tremi odmerki gnojil NP (50 kg N + 60 kg P2O5/ha, 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha in 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha) in tremi razdaljami med rastlinami (100 cm x 30 cm, 80 cm x 30 cm in 60 cm x 45 cm) v naključnem bloku. Rezultati so pokazali, da so stopnje gnojenja in gostota rastlin značilno vplivali na celoten in tržen pridelek raslin, kot tudi na odstotek uporabnega pridelka. Podobno so bile višine rastlin, teža in število plodov v značilni povezavi z vsemi glavnimi faktorji. Poleg glavnih vplivom so vplivale tudi interakcije gnojenje*gostota in kultivar*razdalje tako na % tržnega pridelka plodov kot na težo 10 plodov. Rezultati v sezoni 2003/2004 so pokazali da je uporaba 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha ali 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha omogočila značilno višje celokupne in tržne pridelke paradižnikov pri obeh kultivarjih. Toda v sezoni 2004/2005 je samo najvišji odmerek gnojil (110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha) dal višje pridelke. Rezultati obeh sezon skupaj so potrdili višji % tržnega pridelka pri uporabi 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha ali 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha. Gostejša saditev (80 cm x 30 cm oziroma 60 cm x 45 cm) je dala višje pridelke kot redkejša saditev (100 cm x 30 cm).
A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran, to determine the effect of N rate on seed yield, protein and oil content of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Two ...canola cultivars ('Hayola-308' and 'RGS- 003') and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1), organized into a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three blocks, were applied to plot areas. Results showed that N rate effect was significant (P < 0.01) for seed yield, protein content and yield, and oil yield but not for oil content. On the other hand, cultivar had only significant (P < 0.01) effect on seed protein and oil content. Moreover, the interaction between N rate and cultivar was significant at P < 0.01 for seed, protein and oil yield, illustrating that cultivars showed different responses to N rates for these traits. In general, the quadratic equation provided a good description of the relationship between seed, protein and oil yield and nitrogen rate. For 'Hayola-308', seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1, but thereafter remained constant. In contrast, for 'RGS-003', seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 200 kg ha-1. Therefore, at the highest N application rate (200 kg ha-1), 'RGS-003' produced greater seed, protein and oil yield than 'Hayola-308'. Averaged across N application rate, the seed protein content of RGS-003 was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of 'Hayola-308', while the opposite result was observed for seed oil content. This study demonstrated the differential response of two canola cultivars to N rate in terms of seed, protein and oil yield.
In order to examine the effect of source and sink limitation and post anthesis water deficiency stress in determining of grain yield potential in nine modern bread wheat cultivars in the west of Iran ...with arid and semi-arid weather that is one of the main centers of crop diversity in the world, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used in crop year 2010-2011. Three treatments includes: control, flag leaf removal and removal of half of each spike was applied in the field research campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University. Water deficiency stress was started at anthesis and continued till physiological maturity (withholding of irrigation). Water deficiency caused significant reduction in the grain yield and the 1000 grain weight and caused significant increase in the number of fertile spikelets per spike. Flag leaf removal (source limitation) treatments showed that flag leaf contribution in grain yield production during grain filling in control and post-anthesis water deficiency stress condition were 10.1% and 13.4% respectively. In both conditions removal of spikelets spike-1 (sink limitation) treatment had higher significant effect on fertility of spikelets, grains spike-1, grain yield spike-1 and 1000 grain weight than flag leaf removal. Flag leaf removal treatment in some cultivars not only had no reduction effect on grain yield and 1000 grain weight but also increased them. These results may be due to an increase in photosynthesis rate of remaining leaves and/or increase in amount of carbohydrates remobilization that is stored in the stems. This phenomenon is called the compensatory effect. In both water regimes, there was a correlation between lower grain weight, no grains spike-1 and fertile spikelet spike-1 and lower yield potential of 'Chamran' cultivar. But, 'Zarin' and 'Pishgam' cultivars due to higher grain yield potential in post-anthesis under water deficiency stress and control, performed more studies, to advise farmers to cultivate them. There are probably better than any other cultivars that are common in these regions and sowing of them by farmers will be associated with less risk.
Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for higher plants and its positive effect on plants growth and performance has been reported. Effect of Se under non-stress conditions especially during ...reproductive phase has not been attracted enough attention. In this work effect of Se supplementation at 0, 10 and 20 μg Se plant-1 was studied in canola (Brassica napus ‘RGS’) plants during vegetative and reproductive phase of growth under greenhouse conditions. Selenium addition resulted in a significant enhancement of dry matter production of vegetative parts as well as pod and seed dry weight. In addition, Se supplementation caused a considerable acceleration of reproductive events. In vegetative plants, higher photosynthesis rate, carbohydrates and protein content in the leaves was observed in Se treated plants compared with control. Our results suggested beneficial effect of Se on canola seed yield that may also contribute in improving nutritional value of canola for livestock and human.
Selen (Se) je za višje rastline koristen element, znani so njegovi ugodni vplivi na rast rastlin. Pri rastlinah, ki rastejo v nestresnih razmerah, zlasti v reproduktivni fazi razvoja, učinki Se še niso bili ustrezno raziskani. V tem delu so avtorji raziskovali dodatek Se (0, 10 in 20 μg Se na rastlino) pri kanoli (Brassica napus L., cv. RGS) tekom vegetativne in reproduktivne faze. Dodatek Se je povzročil značilno povečanje sušine vegetativnih delov, luskov in semen. Dodatek Se je vplival tudi na pospešitev poteka reprodukcije. Pri rastlinah je bila ugotovljena tudi povečana fotosinteza, večja vsebnost ogljikovih hidratov in beljakovin v listih tretiranih rastlin v primerjavi s kontrolo. Rezultati kažejo na ugoden vpliv Se na pridelek kanole, kar lahko vpliva tudi na izboljšano hranilno vrednost te poljščine za živali in ljudi.
The combined effect of selenium (Se) foliar spraying and drought was studied for 3 months in two cultivars of potato; Bard and Adora in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Four combinations of treatments were ...conducted: well-watered plants with and without Se foliar spraying, and drought exposed plants with and without Se foliar spraying. Net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII), and respiration potential measured by electron transport system activity were monitored throughout the period. After three months of treatment, leaf water potential, the number and size of leaf stomata, and tuber yield were determined. Several impacts of drought and Se application and their combinations were established, and the responses shown to be cultivar-specific. Net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, effective quantum yield of PSII, and respiratory potential were lower in drought exposed plants. Se lowered respiratory potential in the leaves in cv. Bard. The mass of the tubers in cv. Adora, and photosynthesis in cvs. Bard and Adora were lower in Se treated plants. Se treatment did not significantly affect the number and size of leaf stomata in the cultivars.
Kombiniran vpliv selena (Se) in suše na dva kultivarja krompirja Bard in Adora, smo preučevali v poskusu, ki je trajal tri mesece. Rastline so bile izpostavljene štirim kombinacijam obravnavanja: zalite rastline z ali brez foliarnega gnojenja s Se in suši izpostavljene rastline z ali brez foliarnega gnojenja s Se. V rastni sezoni smo spremljali neto fotosintezo, transpiracijo, fotokemično učinkovitost fotosistema II (FSII) in respiratorni potenical, merjen s pomočjo meritev aktivnosti terminalnega elektronskega transporta. Po treh mesecih, ko so bile rastline izpostavljene vsem obravnavam, smo izmerili še vodni potencial v listih, število in dimenzije listnih rež in pridelek gomoljev. Preučevana kultivarja sta se na učinke suše in dodanega Se odzvala na različne načine. Neto fotosinteza, transpiracija, fotokemična učinkovitost fotosistema II (FSII) in respiratorni potenical so bili nižji pri rastlinah, ki so bile izpostavljene suši. Rastline, foliarno gnojene s Se so imele nižji respiratorni potencial pri kultivarju Bard. Masa gomoljev pri kultivarju Adora in fotosinteza pri obeh kultivarjih sta bili nižji pri rastlinah, kjer smo dodali Se. Dodatek Se ni bistveno vplival na število in dimenzije listnih rež pri preučevanih kultivarjih.
In the period 2003-2006 we have performed block trials with two flax (Linum usitatissimum) cultivars: RBK cultivar (domestic flax population from Raztresen farm in Bela Krajina) and Laura cultivar ...(fibre-type-flax from the Common Catalogue of EU). The trial was carried out at the Experimental Field at the Biotechnical Faculty of Ljubljana (Slovenia). The two cultivars were sown in the first decade of April with manual sowing machine to the row spacing of 8.5 cm, 17 cm and 34 cm. Crop care was traditional. The plants were plucked at the end of the yellow maturity (the last decade of July). There was no significant difference between the average yields of stems produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.92 t/ha) and 17 cm (1.99 t/ha), but significantly the lowest yield was reached at the row spacing of 34 cm (1.52 t/ha). In the period of 4 years the average yield of stems that was reached by the RBK cultivar was 1.83 t/ha, and the one reached by the Laura cultivar was unsignificantly lower (1.79 t/ha). Compared to the average yield of the flaxseed from both cultivars produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.34 t/ha) and 34 cm (1.01 t/ha), the average yield of the seeds obtained from the 17 cm row spacing was significantly the highest (1.52 t/ha); for 0.11 t seed/ha the RBK cultivar (1.35 t/ha) was significntly more productive than the Laura cultivar. The influence of growing conditions to the yield of stems and seed was most favourable in the year of the drought (2003), when - with the cultivar RBK and at the row spacing of 17 cm - we produced significantly the highest quantity of stems (2.64 t/ha) and seeds (1.93 t/ha). We discovered that the unbranched stem of the RBK cultivar corresponds to the fibre-type-flax, the hight of plants (50 to 60 cm), absolute mass (6.3 to 6.8 g) and the yield of the seed (above 1 t/ha) show good biological capability for the seed production. Production and processing of flax should not remain just an attractive cultural and historical presentation of this activity at some turist farms in Bela Krajina (JV of Slovenia); it should also present a challenge to young farmers to find the place for this crop in organic production of food and other raw materials with the use of mechanisation and modern technological procedures. The production and processing of flax presents the possibility for increased biotic diversity of the cultural landscape and revitalization of rural areas.
Na poskusnem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani (Slovenija) so bili v obdobju 2003-2006 izvedeni bločni poljski poskusi s kultivarjema lanu (Linum usitatissimum L.) RBK (domača populacija lanu s kmetije Raztresen v Beli Krajini) in Laura (vlaknati tip lanu iz Skupnega kataloga kultivarjev poljščin EU). Lan je bil v vseh letih posejan v prvi dekadi aprila z ročno sejalnico na medvrstni razmik 8,5 cm, 17 cm in 34 cm. Oskrba posevka je bila tradicionalna. Rastline smo populili konec rumene zrelosti (zadnja dekada julija). Med povprečnima pridelkoma stebel pri razmiku 8,5 cm (1,92 t/ha) in 17 cm (1,99 t/ha) ni bilo značilnih razlik, značilno najmanjši pridelek stebel pa je lan dosegel pri razmiku 34 cm (1,52 t/ha). Povprečni pridelek stebel v obdobju 4 let je pri kultivarju RBK znašal 1,83 t/ha, pri kultivarju Laura pa je bil neznačilno manjši, to je 1,79 t/ha. V primerjavi s povprečnim pridelkom semena obeh kultivarjev pri razmiku 8,5 cm (1,34 t/ha) in 34 cm (1,01 t/ha), je bil povprečni pridelek semena pri razmiku 17 cm značilno največji (1,52 t/ha); kultivar RBK (1,35 t/ha) je bil za 0,11 t semena/ha značilno produktivnejši od kultivarja Laura. Vpliv rastnih razmer na pridelek stebel in semena je bil najbolj ugoden v najbolj sušnem letu (2003), ko smo pri razmiku 17 cm s kultivarjem RBK pridelali značilno največ stebel (2,64 t/ha) in semena (1,93 t/ha). Ugotovili smo, da nerazvejeno steblo kultivarja RBK sicer ustreza vlaknatemu tipu lanu, višina rastlin (50 do 60 cm), absolutna masa (6,3 do 6,8 g) in pridelek semena (nad 1 t/ha) pa kažejo na dobro biološko zmogljivost za pridelavo semen. Pridelava in predelava lanu ne sme ostati le privlačen kulturno-zgodovinski prikaz te dejavnosti na nekaterih turističnih kmetijah v Beli Krajini (JV Slovenija), ampak tudi izziv za mlade, da s pomočjo mehaniziranih in sodobnih tehnoloških postopkov tej poljščini najdéjo mesto v ekološki pridelavi hrane in neprehranskih surovin. Navsezadnje je pridelava in predelava lanu možnost za večjo biotsko pestrost kulturne krajine in ohranjanje poseljenosti podeželja.
Experiments were carried out in the Vėžaičiai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (West Lithuania region) in 2002-2005. The aim of this research was to estimate the ecological ...significance of perennial legumes used as green manure for the biological properties of triticale and rye and for diseases resistance. Residues of the perennial grasses tested and ploughed-in aftermath contributed different contents of nitrogen to the soil. The highest content of nitrogen was contributed to the soil with red clover residues and aftermath. Residues of white clover and aftermath ploughed in as green manure determined more favourable soil properties. This had a positive effect on the formation of biological parameters of cereals grown after white clover, which made it possible without mineral and organic fertilisers to produce on average 3.88 t ha-1 of triticale grain and 3.82 t ha-1 of rye grain, or by 1.09 and 0.28 t ha-1 more compared with their growing after red clover managed in the same way as white clover. Different growing conditions of winter cereals, i.e. different preceding crops, had a significant effect on the occurrence of scald and septoriosis.
Poskusi so bili opravljeni v Vėžaičiai Branch na Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture v obdobju od leta 2002 do 2005. Namen raziskave je bil oceniti ekološki pomen trajnih metuljnic, uporabljenih za zeleno gnojenje, na odpornost proti boleznim ter na biološke lastnosti tritikale in rži. Zaorani ostanki zelenih delov preizkušanih metuljnic so imeli različne vplive na vsebnost dušika v tleh. K najvišji vsebnosti dušika so prispevali ostanki rdeče detelje, zaorani ostanki bele detelje pa so imeli ugodnejše učinke na lastnosti tal. Izboljšane talne lastnosti so pozitivno vplivale na parametre rasti, ki so omogočili pridelek 3,88 t ha-1 zrnja tritikale in 3,82 t ha-1 zrnja rži brez uporabe mineralnih ali drugih organskih gnojil. Ko je bil predhodni posevek rdeča detelja, je bil pridelek tritikale manjši za 1,09 t ha-1, pridelek rži pa za 0,28 t ha-1 manjši v primerjavi s pridelkom po zelenem gnojenju z belo deteljo. Različni predhodni posevki so imeli pomemben vpliv na pojavnost ožiga in listne pegavosti.
Somaclonal variation has become common for many plant species including soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). The present study was aimed to compare the morphological and yield characters of tissue ...culture derived and field grown soybean cultivar CO-3 (Coimbatore-3). With respect to the plants derived from tissue culture, the morphological characters such as length of roots, shoots, petioles, internodal region, number of leaf nodes, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots and yield contributing characters length of pods, number of flowers/ node, number of pods/ node, number of pods/ plant, number of seed aborted fruits and number of seeds/ pod were significantly (p>0.05) varied from parent or field grown plants, except seed yield. Even the variation was observed in both the type of plants, since the difference was not too large. We conclude that tissue culture technique is not detrimental for plant growth and performance and which is widely used in many genetic engineering techniques.
Somaklonska variabilnost je pri soji (Glycine max (L.) Merr) in mnogih drugih rastlinah med uporabljanimi viri genske variabilnosti. Namen te raziskave je bil preveriti pojavljanje variabilnosti med rastlinami dobljenimi iz tkivnih kultur pri soji cv. CO3 (Coimbatore 3). Avtorji so primerjali regenerirane rastline s kontrolnimi rastlinami. Ugotovili so vrsto značilnih razlik pri morfoloških lastnostih, nas primer glede na dolžino korenin, poganjkov, petiol, internodijev in strokov. Poleg teh lastnosti so bile tudi razlike glede na število olistanih nodijev, število cvetov na nodij, strokov na nodij, strokov na rastlino, stevilo semen na strok, svežo in suho teža listov in korenin značilne (p>0.05), razlike pa niso bile značilne glede na pridelek rastlin. Ker razlike niso bile velike, avtorji ugotavljajo, da spremembe zaradi somaklonske variabilnosti niso nujno škodljive za rastline. To je pomembno, saj se tehniko tkivnih kultur široko uporablja pri uporabi metod genskega inženiringa.
At the experimental field of Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing at Žalec an experiment was conducted in 2006/07 to detect the impact of fertilization by K2SO4 and gypsum on the yield, ...oil content, oil yield, protein content, protein yield and fatty acids composition at two different cultivars of oilseed rape (cultivar Smart and hybrid Toccata). In the conditions of the experiment the source of sulphur did not impact the yield, but a negative impact of spring fertilization by sulphur at cultivar Smart was detected. At hybrid Toccata positive impact of gypsum was detected when it was fertilized at sowing. Oil content was higher at cultivar Smart by 3.32% compared to hybrid Toccata. At cultivar Smart no source of sulphur impacted significantly the yield of oil, while at the conditions of the experiment positive impact of spring applications of sulphur on the yield of oil was detected at hybrid Toccata. Oil yield was higher at cultivar Smart compared to hybrid Toccata. Protein content was not impacted by sulphur fertilization. The share of linoleic acid was higher at hybrid Toccata by 2.2% to 2.4%, the share of oleic acid was higher at cultivar Smart by 2.2% to 3.1%, the shares of other investigated acids did not differ a lot between Smart and Toccata.
Na poskusnem polju Inštituta za hmeljarstvo in pivovarstvo Slovenije v Žalcu smo v sezoni 2006/07 zastavili poskus, v katerem smo preizkusili vpliv gnojenja s K2SO4 in sadro na pridelek, vsebnost olja, pridelek olja, vsebnost beljakovin, pridelek beljakovin in sestavo maščobnih kislin dveh kultivarjev (kultivar Smart in hibrid Toccata) oljne ogrščice. V danih razmerah različne oblike gnojenja z žveplom niso imele značilnega vpliva na pridelek, vendar se pri kultivarju Smart nakazuje negativen učinek spomladanskega gnojenja z gnojili, ki vsebujejo žveplo, pri hibridu Toccata pa pozitiven učinek gnojenja s sadro, če je bila pognojena ob setvi. Vsebnost olja je bila pri kultivarju Smart za 3,32% višja kot pri hibridu Toccata. Pri kultivarju Smart nobena oblika gnojenja z žveplom ni pomembno vplivala na hektarski pridelek olja, pri hibridu Toccata pa se v danih razmerah nakazuje pozitiven učinek spomladanskega gnojenja z žveplom na pridelek olja. Hektarski pridelek olja je pomembno večji pri kultivarju Smart kot pri hibridu Toccata. Na vsebnost beljakovin gnojenje z žveplom ni imelo vpliva. Delež linolne kisline v olju je bil pri hibridu Toccata višji za 2,2% do 2,4%, delež oleinske kisline je bil višji pri kultivarju Smart za 2,2 do 3,1%, deleži drugih maščobnih kislin se pri obeh kultivarjih medsebojno le malo razlikujejo.
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