The ability of young children to recognize themselves in delayed videotapes and recent photographs was investigated using a delayed analog of the mirror mark test, as well as verbal reports. In ...Experiment 1, 42 2-4-year-old children were videotaped while playing an unusual game. During the game an experimenter covertly placed a large sticker on the child's head. The videotape was played back 3 min later to the children. Older, but not younger, children reached up to remove the sticker when the tape revealed it being placed on their heads. In Experiment 2, a similar procedure was used with 60 3- and 4-year-olds where Polaroid photographs were taken during and after the act of the sticker being placed on the child's head. When allowed to look at the photographs, young 3-year-olds did not reach up to search for the sticker, whereas older 3- and 4-year-olds did. Almost all of the children who did not appear to realize that there was a sticker on their head from the information provided by the photographs did provide a correct verbal label for the image, and reached up to remove the sticker when presented with a mirror. Experiment 3 compared the reaction of 48 2½-3½-year-olds to live versus delayed video feedback and indicated an effect of the temporal aspect of the stimulus. The results are discussed in the context of the different forms of self-conception that may underwrite the 2 manifestations of self-recognition.
This article inquires into the relationship between translation and autobiography in the work of Reynaldo Ileto. In Pasyon and Revolution, English and Tagalog are juxtaposed in a relationship of ...translation, indicating linguistic complexity and a politics of language that are deflected in Ileto's later autobiographical writings. Yet, autobiography can also work like translation, but in the opposite direction of Pasyon and Revolution. Rather than loosen linguistic and social hierarchies, autobiography reinforces them. Ileto's narrative tells of the splitting and substitution of selves, the excavation and overcoming of the father's name, and the replacement of the "unfinished revolution" project with stories of gendered and generational succession.
Fara explains how the paraphrase of Φ changes in the texts leading up to Word and Object, and why it's only in "On What There Is" that it's paraphrased as a verbized-name predicate. She also proposes ...hypotheses about why Quine alters his paraphrase of Φ from text to text, in particular, why he begins using the verbized names in "On What There Is" and stops using them right after. In addition, she discusses why Quine abandons the definite-description analysis of names in Word and Object. In this latter work he proposes an analysis of names according to which they aren't abbreviations for some other, more complex, expression but are rather themselves treated semantically as predicates and not as denoting terms.
An -ever free relative is felicitous only when the speaker doesn't know, or doesn't care about, the identity of the entity denoted. In this paper we investigate what it means to identify an entity by ...examining the non-identification condition on -ever free relatives. Following Dayal (In A. Lawson (Ed.), Proceedings of SALT VII, 1997), we analyze -ever free relatives as definites with a modal dimension. We show that the variation in the identity of the entity across the possible worlds in the modal dimension cannot be captured in a model where transworld identity is expressed using a single trivial principle of identity, and present an analysis within a model where transworld identity is relativized to noun meanings, which has been proposed in the philosophical literature for other reasons (Geach 1968; Gupta, The logic of common nouns: an investigation in quantified modal logic, 1980). The analysis thus shows that natural language semantics is sensitive to relative identity in the sense of Geach and Gupta; furthermore, it sets the stage for a new typology of referring expressions based on which expression types contribute principles of transworld identity.
Loosing the Word-Concept Tie Millikan, Ruth Garrett
Supplementary volume - Aristotelian Society,
01/2011, Volume:
85
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Sainsbury and Tye (2011) propose that, in the case of names and other simple extensional terms, we should substitute for Frege's second level of content —for his senses—a second level of meaning ...vehicle—words in the language of thought. I agree. They also offer a theory of atomic concept reference—their 'originalist' theory—which implies that people knowing the same word have the 'same concept'. This I reject, arguing for a symmetrical rather than an originalist theory of concept reference, claiming that individual concepts are possessed only by individual people. Concepts are classified rather than identified across different people.
L’hypothèse selon laquelle les noms propres ne se traduisent pas est très répandue. Elle peut s’expliquer par des critères définitoires des noms propres très réducteurs mais malheureusement largement ...partagés. Dans cet article, nous démontrons, à partir de l’étude d’un corpus aligné composé de onze versions en dix langues du même texte littéraire, que le nom propre peut être sujet à différents procédés de traduction et qu’il est erroné de prôner le report simple systématique des noms propres de la langue-source à la langue-cible.
The hypothesis according to which proper names cannot be translated is widely spread and can be explained by an unfortunately long tradition of reductive yet very famous definitional criteria for proper names. In this paper, we show that proper names can be translated using different strategies. To do so, we introduce a parallel multilingual corpus made of eleven versions in ten different languages of a novel. We try to demonstrate that it is wrong to promote the systematic use of borrowing when translating proper names from the source-language into the target-language
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