Abstract Objective Measuring the process of shared decision making is a challenge, which constitutes a barrier to research and implementation. The aim of the study was to report the development of ...CollaboRATE, brief patient-reported measure of shared decision making. Methods We used the following stages: (1) item formulation; (2) cognitive interviews; (3) item refinement; and (4) pilot testing of final items. Participants were over 18 years old, recruited from the public areas of the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Results The key finding of this study is that developing a brief patient-reported measure of shared decision making requires a move away from terms such as ‘decisions’, ‘options’ and ‘preferences’. Although technically correct, these terms act as barriers. They are often unfamiliar, and they also implicitly assume that patients are willing to take active roles in decision making; whereas patients are often unaware that decisions are required, or have taken place, never mind feel that they could or should have participated in them. Conclusion These methods have allowed us to develop a brief, patient-reported measure of shared decision making that is highly accessible to intended users. Practice implications The potential strength of the CollaboRATE will be the ability for completion in less than 30 s, and across a range of routine settings.
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•Up to 88 % of the airport waste generated in public places could be recycled.•Manual sorting in public places limits good material recovery.•Automatic sorting can overcome people’s ...uncertainty and negligence when sorting.•Benefits of automatic sorting can improve the recycling of waste from public areas.•Automatic sorting can provide environmental and economic benefits in waste handling.
With the recent advancement in artificial intelligence, there are new opportunities to adopt smart technologies for the sorting of materials at the beginning of the recycling value chain. An automatic bin capable of sorting the waste among paper, plastic, glass & aluminium, and residual waste was installed in public areas of Milan Malpensa airport, a context where the separate collection is challenging. First, the airport waste composition was assessed, together with the efficiency of the manual sorting performed by passengers among the conventional bins: paper, plastic, glass & aluminium, and residual waste. Then, the environmental (via the life cycle assessment - LCA) and the economic performances of the current system were compared to those of a system in which the sorting is performed by the automatic bin. Three scenarios were evaluated: i) all waste from public areas, despite being separately collected, is sent to incineration with energy recovery, due to the inadequate separation quality (S0); ii) recyclable fractions are sent to recycling according to the actual level of impurities in the bags (S0R); iii) fractions are sorted by the automatic bin and sent to recycling (S1). According to the results, the current separate collection shows a 62 % classification accuracy. Focusing on LCA, S0 causes an additional burden of 12.4 mPt (milli points) per tonne of waste. By contrast, S0R shows a benefit (−26.4 mPt/t) and S1 allows for a further 33 % increase of benefits. Moreover, the cost analysis indicates potential savings of 24.3 €/t in S1, when compared to S0.
Environmental contamination by infected canine faeces presents an indirect source of contamination in people. In this research the presence of parasitic elements in canine faeces found in the public ...areas of Kruševac was examined.
During May and October 2018, 282 samples were collected from different public areas (ten kindergartens, six public squares and four parks). The examination of faeces was performed by means of direct smear and flotation. For statistical testing of the difference between the frequencies of attributes χ2 test was applied.
Out of 282 samples, 221 (78.4%) were positive, of which 17/20 (85.0%) from kindergartens, 125/160 (78.1%) from parks and 79/102 (77.5%) from public squares. The presence of Ancylostomatidae spp. was discovered in 113 (40.1%) samples, Toxocara canis in 82 (29.1%), Dipylidium caninum in 76 (27.0%), Giardia intestinalis in 45 (16.0%), Taenia spp. in 44 (15.6%), Amoeba spp. in 32 (11.3%), Trichuris vulpis in 19 (6.7%), Toxascaris leonina in 18 (6.4%), Strongyloides stercoralis in 17 (6.0%), Isospora spp. in 7 (2.5%) and Cryptosporidium spp. in 3 (1.1%). In May there were 115/141 (81.6%) positive samples, whereas in October there were 106/141 (72.5%) positive ones. No positive sample with three or four parasites was found in October.
This study shows that canine faeces from public areas in Kruševac can be the cause of a significant environmental contamination by eggs of canine intestinal parasites as well as of human infections.
Background: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is one of the causes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The increase in survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is closely related to early ...detection and shortening the first defibrillation time. The implementation of AEDs deployment plan in public places in Hangzhou City provides an opportunity to improve the survival rate after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and the benefits and potentials are enormous.
Aims and Objective: Placing AEDs in public areas can effectively treat patients with pre-hospital cardiac arrest, by evaluating the configuration and usage of public AEDs in Hangzhou during the past five years, to provide the basis for improving the public areas’ configuration AEDs network layout and related training management.
Materials and Methods: The number of AEDs in public areas, the use of AEDs and the treatment effect in Hangzhou city from 2015 to 2020 were collected.
Results: The number of AEDs in public areas, the use of AEDs and the treatment effect in Hangzhou city from 2015 to 2020 were collected. In 5 years, a total of 1201 AEDs were configured, Placed in densely populated areas such as transportation hubs, schools, and scenic spots as the main locations. 32 patients suffered prehospital cardiac arrest and used AEDs, the average age of the patients was 40.56 ± 17.20, and the ratio of male to female was 3.57:1, In 26 cases, the initial heart rhythm was ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation, Before the first aid personnel arrived, the first witnesses Implement rescue, 22 patients with ventricular fibrillation were resuscitated successfully, 10 cases failed to ROSC. In 6 patients with suspected cardiac arrest, there was no electric shock defibrillation, and the device correctly indicates that the problem is not caused by ventricular fibrillation, In 4 cases, there was no defibrillating rhythm.
Conclusion: AEDs in public areas are effectively used to assist in the treatment of patients with cardiac arrest; It can increase the rate of main circulation recovery. We will further increase the number of AEDs in public places, promote first aid training programs for non-professionals, Improving the public health emergency network system is essential to improve the prognosis of patients with cardiac arrest.
The problem described in this study concerns the processes accompanyingthe revitalisation of waterfronts in urban public areas. This article has beenan attempt to analyse the latest waterfront ...transformations and to extend theknowledge on shaping of public green spaces in riverbank areas.The purpose of the study was to analyse and introduce the typology of urbangreen areas located along the waterfronts, concentrated around continuouswalking or cycling routes. Another assumption of the author was to indicate thefactors determining the vitality and activisation of these areas.The applied research methodology was based on factors shaping the coastalspace, which the author presented as a group named “waterfront linearity”.Moreover, his paper examines the latest waterfront revitalisation undertakenin Rouen, Bordeaux, Lyon.The conclusions found in this paper constitute an important element of researchstudies devoted to the ways of shaping green areas in the immediate vicinityof rivers as well as studies in the area of environmental psychology.
Considering the multitudes of people who spend their time working indoors in public premises and workplaces, it is worth knowing what their level of exposure is to natural radioactive radon gas, the ...second most widespread and dangerous carcinogen for lung cancer development after cigarette smoking. This state-level study covered most of the territory of Latvia and conducted 941 radon measurements with Radtrack2, placed for 4-6 months in the premises of public companies, educational institutions, medical care institutions, etc. The study found that 94.7% of samples did not exceed the national permissible limit (200 Bq/m
), the level at which preventive measures should be initiated. The median value of average specific radioactivity of radon in these premises was 48 Bq/m
(Q1 and Q3 being 27 and 85 Bq/m
), which is below the average of the European region. Slightly higher concentrations were observed in well-insulated premises with plastic windows and poorer air exchange, mostly in schools (59 (36, 109) Bq/m
) and kindergartens (48 (32, 79) Bq/m
). Industrial workplaces had surprisingly low radon levels (28 (16, 55) Bq/m
) due to strict requirements for air quality and proper ventilation. Public premises and workplaces in Latvia mostly have low radon concentrations in the air, but more attention should be paid to adequate ventilation and air exchange.
The establishment and management of protected areas receives increasing attention worldwide. The article presents an analysis of the regulating practice of protected areas. Summarizing the experience ...of European countries and the United States, the author identifies the features of the legal regulation of protected areas in Russia, as well as trends in the formation and reproduction of these territories, which characterizes the current stage of development, and formulates problems arising within the framework of these trends. In addition, he identifies the basic functions of protected areas – compensatory and recreational – and concludes that currently these functions are unbalanced in the practice of regulating the system of protected areas. Considering the development of protected areas as one of the ways to enhance the role of ecological tourism in Russia, the author demonstrates a disbalance of budgetary support between natural complexes with a compensatory function, on the one hand, and recreational, on the other. The article emphasizes that a sharp increase in funding for the improvement processes by budget line item of national project can have negative affect over the reproductive mechanisms of the development of the natural environment. The article attempts to apply the techniques of modelling into the management of protected areas in the cities.
This investigation aims to identify a model of official inquiry for encroachment on the natural tourism resources and environment of forests and public areas in Southern Thailand. This qualitative ...research used in-depth interview methods for data collection. Key informants consisted of seven groups, namely: 1) experts on criminology; 2) experts on criminal law enforcement; 3) experts on the process of investigation for criminal cases or cases related to the natural resources and environment of forests and public areas; 4) experts on the natural resources and environment of forests, public areas and national parks; 5) experts on land and public area management; 6) experts on agricultural and cooperative land reform; and 7) army experts and co-investigators in natural resource and environmental cases falling under the current special law. According to the Strategic Plan of Protection and Suppression of Violations Concerning Natural Resources and the Environment, Royal Thai Police Headquarters, 2014, there is still severe and continuous forest and public area encroachment in six southern Thai provinces, namely Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Krabi, Phuket and Trang. The researchers searched for the best model of inquiry in order to amend and improve inquiry cases for legislative measures relating to the environment and natural resources in forests and public areas. The model was deemed appropriate and effective in terms of taking legal measures to preserve environmental sustainability in Thailand.
In the doctrine of Right to City, born and developed in France by western thinkers, parts of the rights are referred to as the Right to City: right to public services, right to proper housing, right ...to green space, etc. Existence of government or public lands and formulation of rules for government intervention for construction and design of urban public spaces like expropriation, quotas, segregation, land use and environmental requirements are necessary to realize these rights. Under the Iranian law, due to the Islamic ideas that formed the bases of the Islamic government, rights similar to those referred to are reflected and several rules are predicted for the enjoyment of these rights by the people. The existence of various specific types of lands under the name of Anfal, public commonalities, public ownership and the Vali-e-Faqih’s extensive authority over lands have been treated as a pretext for the realization of these rights. However, effective participation of citizens has not been taken into consideration in the codification, modification, implementation and supervision of these rights. Therefore, citizens (main beneficiaries) do not participate in determining the provisions, scope and manner of implementation of rights, rather, members of councils or, in some cases, special commissions in which citizens have no role to play, have the decision-making power and there are no effective legal tools to oversee them apart from formal oversight by the Court of Administrative Justice.
The number of seniors rises worldwide. The lockdown of public institutions caused by COVID-19 influenced the lives of many of them. In the new reality, owners and managers of public spaces need to ...rethink the way they provide their services, and redesign public spaces to meet the needs of senior citizens. This requires the recognition of the needs of seniors concerning the use of public spaces in the times of the COVID-19 hazard. To investigate this issue, survey studies with 1000 respondents aged 65+ were conducted. The implementation of the obtained data in the process of redesigning public spaces may facilitate the opening up after the lockdown. Taking into account the requirements of a very large group of citizens being seniors is crucial, as it was found that 55% of respondents will also be afraid to use public spaces after the COVID-19 lockdown. The selected ideas that could minimize the feeling of fear when using public spaces after the lockdown were evaluated by seniors.
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