•Examination of 3D PLRs defined in Victorian Planning Provisions.•Classification on explicit 3D, non-geometrical and implied 3D PLRs.•Possible contribution of current 3D spatial models to 3D PLRs’ ...modelling.
The urban environment is characterised by increasingly complex relations driven by the needs of modern societies, such as multi-purpose buildings and composite infrastructures. However, the capabilities for extensive vertical exploitation of land provided by construction technology are related to the expansion of public utilities. This results in administrative restrictions on land and developments, known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs impose explicit and implied 3D restrictions, as well as restrictions of non-geometrical characteristics such as noise or groundwater pollution. This paper investigates if and how 3D modelling may contribute to better manage and enforce PLRs in a 3D framework. To this end, the 3D PLRs required for the urban planning approval process in Victoria, Australia are examined. Requirements and guidelines were analysed in order to identify explicit, non-geometrical and implied 3D PLRs. To accomplish this, the spatial structure of two well-known 3D data models, CityGML and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), were investigated, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of these models in the management of 3D PLRs. The paper concludes that the implementation of a 3D PLR system requires addressing issues of scale differentiations (building scale or city scale of 3D data models in contrast to extensive, non-parcel-based PLRs), “translation” of qualitative characteristics to specific height, depth or volumetric restrictions, and modelling of invisible, non-material legal spaces.
Intense exploitation of land implies the development of multi-level, multi-purpose, overlapping and interlocking structures on 3D space, thus resulting in complex, stratified, 3D real property rights ...between individual owners, as well as restrictions. Legislation regulates the ownership status and use of land by imposing restrictions known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs extend to various fields and various legislative frameworks, such as the protection of archaeological sites, protection and maintenance of underground infrastructures and utilities, environmental protection, flying of unmanned air vehicles, etc. PLRs are usually investigated in the context of property rights and restrictions in the various Land Administration Systems worldwide, and do not often gain specific attention. However, it is noticed that the restrictions that arise from Public Law need to be investigated and classified, so that they can be better utilised in the property status of land ownership. This review paper investigates the legal statutes on PLRs within the context of 3D land administration and the stipulations used to provide unambiguous modelling of PLRs, as provided by the relative literature. Moreover, the PLRs applied in the 3D space, to clearly depict rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the relevant spatial unit (land, air, marine parcel, mine, utility network, etc.), are particularly examined. Therefore, this work is to critically review and assess the aforementioned approaches on PLRs’ registration, modelling and organisation, as provided by a literature survey, and provides an overall view of the requirements and challenges within the development of 3D Land Administration Systems also considering standardisation developments.
Protected values of cultural heritage represent a dynamic category, an item, which is not intended only for preservation, but also for improvement. Based on this fact, it is necessary to set up a ...starting point that immovable cultural heritage has been under the degradation process or the process of reducing its value from the day of its origin, which can be „slowed-down“ by appropriate maintenance. Architectural heritage is found in a paradoxical situation where a regulatory system of mandatory preservation measures and obligations is being established on the one hand, while a poor concern for such heritage is recorded on the other hand. The funds invested in renovation of immovable heritage do not reach assessed values attributed to individual property.
The authors address in their work the issue concerning the effectiveness of the immovable cultural heritage protection from the aspect of national funding systems, as well as from the aspect of interstate funding sources and financing programmes.
Farmland is now being regarded worldwide as well as in Turkey as a limited resource. This situation brings with it the consequences of restrictions to ownership rights. In 2005, the Soil Protection ...and Land Use Law was enacted in Turkey, restricting the division and transfer of agricultural land via sale and inheritance. In view of international developments in the field of cadastre, these restrictions are considered to be legal land objects. By understanding the concept of object-based cadastre, the scope and extent of these constraints can easily be identified. This study aimed to identify and model the current restrictions in Turkey on an international level. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) was used as the method. Sample applications of the restrictions on the sale of agricultural land were developed and explained, and UML diagrams were used to illustrate object-oriented workflow processes and actors. In this way, a conceptual relationship with the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) was established and implications for the future were discussed.
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