The current review synthesized studies investigating the relationships between resilience and Big Five personality traits and aimed to investigate how the relationships vary according to the two ...types of resiliency, psychological resilience and ego-resiliency. Thirty studies with a total sample size of 15,609 met the inclusion criteria to be used for the current meta-analysis. Results indicated that overall, estimated average correlation coefficients for resilience were: r = −0.46 with Neuroticism, r = 0.42 for Extraversion, r = 0.34 for Openness, r = 0.31 for Agreeableness, and r = 0.42 for Conscientiousness. When comparing the differences between the two types of resiliency, a stronger negative relationship with Neuroticism, and stronger positive relationships with Openness and Agreeableness were obtained with ego-resiliency, compared with trait resilience. However, there was a lack of homogeneity in effect sizes across studies especially for ego-resilience. Directions for future research regarding resilience and the limitations of present research are discussed.
•Meta-analysis revealed relationships between resilience and personality.•Resilience was negatively correlated with Neuroticism.•Other Big Five dimensions were positively correlated with resilience.•There were differences of correlations between ego-resiliency and trait resilience.•Homogeneity of effect sizes across studies especially for trait resilience exists.
Resilience in nurses: an integrative review Hart, Patricia L.; Brannan, Jane D.; De Chesnay, Mary
Journal of nursing management,
September 2014, Volume:
22, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Aim
To describe nursing research that has been conducted to understand the phenomenon of resilience in nurses.
Background
Resilience is the ability to bounce back or cope successfully despite adverse ...circumstances. Nurses deal with modern‐day problems that affect their abilities to remain resilient. Nursing administrators/managers need to look for solutions not only to recruit nurses, but to become knowledgeable about how to support and retain nurses.
Evaluation
A comprehensive search was undertaken for nursing research conducted between 1990 and 2011. Key search terms were nurse, resilience, resiliency and resilient. Whittemore and Knafl's integrative approach was used to conduct the methodological review.
Key issues
Challenging workplaces, psychological emptiness, diminishing inner balance and a sense of dissonance are contributing factors for resilience. Examples of intrapersonal characteristics include hope, self‐efficacy and coping. Cognitive reframing, toughening up, grounding connections, work‐life balance and reconciliation are resilience building strategies.
Conclusion
This review provides information about the concept of resilience. Becoming aware of contributing factors to the need for resilience and successful strategies to build resilience can help in recruiting and retaining nurses.
Implications for nursing management
Understanding the concept of resilience can assist in providing support and developing programmes to help nurses become and stay resilient.
Natural hazards can turn into disasters when not managed well. An important part of disaster risk reduction is to understand how well communities are prepared for natural hazards and how well they ...can cope with and recover from shocks in the long term. This research assesses self‐reported community resilience and asks what makes a community resilient, using Australia as a case study. It reports on an Australian‐wide online survey which included questions related to the Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measurement, a subjective indicator, as well as questions about risk perception, well‐being, and self‐efficacy. Community resilience was found to be moderately high but scores for community leadership and preparedness were low. Perceived community resilience was positively correlated with age and those with high scores for self‐efficacy and well‐being. There was, as expected, an inverse relationship between reliance on external support during natural hazards and self‐efficacy. The results complement previous studies which used different measures of community resilience.
نبذة مختصرة
يمكن أن تتحول الأخطار الطبيعية إلى كوارث إذا لم تتم إدارتها بشكل جيد. جزء مهم من الحد من مخاطر الكوارث هو فهم مدى استعداد المجتمعات للأخطار الطبيعية ومدى قدرتهم على التعامل مع الصدمات والتعافي منها على المدى الطويل. في هذه الدراسة ، نقوم بتقييم مرونة المجتمع المبلغ عنها ذاتيًا ونسأل ما الذي يجعل المجتمع مرنًا ، باستخدام أستراليا كدراسة حالة. أجرينا استبيانًا عبر الإنترنت على مستوى أستراليا شمل أسئلة تتعلق بقياس تقييم المرونة الجماعية للمجتمع (CCRAM‐10) ، وهو مؤشر شخصي لمرونة المجتمع ، بالإضافة إلى أسئلة حول إدراك المخاطر والرفاهية والفعالية الذاتية. وجدنا أن مرونة المجتمع اعتُبرت عالية نسبيًا ولكن درجات قيادة المجتمع والتأهب كانت منخفضة. ارتبطت مرونة المجتمع المتصورة ارتباطًا إيجابيًا بالعمر وأولئك الذين حصلوا على درجات عالية من الكفاءة الذاتية والرفاهية. كانت هناك ، كما هو متوقع ، علاقة عكسية بين الاعتماد على الدعم الخارجي أثناء الأخطار الطبيعية والكفاءة الذاتية. تكمل نتائجنا الدراسات السابقة التي استخدمت مقاييس مختلفة لمرونة المجتمع. يمكن أن تساعد النتائج في تحديد المجتمعات المحلية وأفراد المجتمع ذوي القدرة المنخفضة على الاستعداد والتعافي من الأخطار الطبيعية المستقبلية والتي يجب أن تُعطى الأولوية في جهودهم لإدارة مخاطر الكوارث.
الكلمات المفتاحية: CCRAM‐10 قياس تقييم المرونة الجماعية للمجتمع ؛ قيادة؛ الاستعداد؛ الثقة؛ إدراك المخاطر؛ الرفاه
摘要
如果管理不善，自然灾害可能会演变成灾难。减少灾害风险的一个重要部分，是了解社区为自然灾害做好准备的程度，以及他们长期应对冲击和从冲击中恢复的能力。在本研究中，以澳大利亚为案例研究，我们评估了自我报告的社区复原力，并研究了使社区具有复原力的原因。我们进行了一项全澳大利亚的线上调查，其中包括与联合社区复原力评估测量 (CCRAM‐10)—社区复原力的主观指标—相关的问题，以及有关风险感知、幸福感、自我效能的问题。我们发现社区复原力被认为处于中等偏高水平，但社区领导力和准备工作得分较低。认知到的社区复原力与年龄以及自我效能感和幸福感高分的人呈正相关。正如预期一样，在自然灾害期间对外部支持的依赖与自我效能感之间存在反比关系。我们的结果补充了之前使用不同社区复原力测量方法的研究。结果可能有助我们确定那些在应对未来自然灾害和从中恢复能力较弱的社区和社区成员，并帮助我们在灾害风险管理工作中优先考虑他们。
关键词： CCRAM‐10；领导;准备；信任;风险认知；幸福
Natural disasters and cyber intrusions threaten the normal operation of the critical electric grid infrastructure. There is still no widely accepted methodology to quantify the resilience in power ...systems. In this work, power system resiliency refers to the ability of the system to keep provide energy to the critical load even with adverse events. A significant amount of work has been done to quantify the resilience for distribution systems. Even though critical loads are located in distribution system, transmission system play a critical role in supplying energy to distribution feeder in addition to the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). This work focuses on developing a framework to quantify the resiliency of cyber-physical transmission systems. Quantifying the resiliency of the transmission network, is important to determine and devise suitable control mechanisms to minimize the effects of undesirable events in the power grid. The proposed metric is based on both system infrastructure and with changing operating conditions. A graphical analysis along with measure of critical parameters of the network is performed to quantify the redundancy and vulnerabilities in the physical network of the system. A similar approach is used to quantify the cyber-resiliency. The results indicate the capability of the proposed framework to quantify cyber-physical resilience of the transmission systems.
The ruminal microbial community is remarkably diverse, containing 100s of different bacterial and archaeal species, plus many species of fungi and protozoa. Molecular studies have identified a "core ...microbiome" dominated by phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but also containing many other taxa. The rumen provides an ideal laboratory for studies on microbial ecology and the demonstration of ecological principles. In particular, the microbial community demonstrates both redundancy (overlap of function among multiple species) and resilience (resistance to, and capacity to recover from, perturbation). These twin properties provide remarkable stability that maintains digestive function for the host across a range of feeding and management conditions, but they also provide a challenge to engineering the rumen for improved function (e.g., improved fiber utilization or decreased methane production). Direct ruminal dosing or feeding of probiotic strains often fails to establish the added strains, due to intensive competition and amensalism from the indigenous residents that are well-adapted to the historical conditions within each rumen. Known exceptions include introduced strains that can fill otherwise unoccupied niches, as in the case of specialist bacteria that degrade phytotoxins such as mimosine or fluoroacetate. An additional complicating factor in manipulating the ruminal fermentation is the individuality or host specificity of the microbiota, in which individual animals contain a particular community whose species composition is capable of reconstituting itself, even following a near-total exchange of ruminal contents from another herd mate maintained on the same diet. Elucidation of the interactions between the microbial community and the individual host that establish and maintain this specificity may provide insights into why individual hosts vary in production metrics (e.g., feed efficiency or milk fat synthesis), and how to improve herd performance.
Power systems have typically been designed to be reliable to expected, low-impact high-frequency outages. In contrast, extreme events, driven for instance by extreme weather and natural disasters, ...happen with low-probability, but can have a high impact. The need for power systems, possibly the most critical infrastructures in the world, to become resilient to such events is becoming compelling. However, there is still little clarity as to this relatively new concept. On these premises, this paper provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts of power systems resilience and to the use of hardening and smart operational strategies to improve it. More specifically, first the resilience trapezoid is introduced as visual tool to reflect the behavior of a power system during a catastrophic event. Building on this, the key resilience features that a power system should boast are then defined, along with a discussion on different possible hardening and smart, operational resilience enhancement strategies. Further, the so-called ΦΛEΠ resilience assessment framework is presented, which includes a set of resilience metrics capable of modeling and quantifying the resilience performance of a power system subject to catastrophic events. A case study application with a 29-bus test version of the Great Britain transmission network is carried out to investigate the impacts of extreme windstorms. The effects of different hardening and smart resilience enhancement strategies are also explored, thus demonstrating the practicality of the different concepts presented.
Microgrids can act as emergency sources to serve critical loads when utility power is unavailable. This paper proposes a resiliency-based methodology that uses microgrids to restore critical loads on ...distribution feeders after a major disaster. Due to limited capacity of distributed generators (DGs) within microgrids, dynamic performance of the DGs during the restoration process becomes essential. In this paper, the stability of microgrids, limits on frequency deviation, and limits on transient voltage and current of DGs are incorporated as constraints of the critical load restoration problem. The limits on the amount of generation resources within microgrids are also considered. By introducing the concepts of restoration tree and load group, restoration of critical loads is transformed into a maximum coverage problem, which is a linear integer program (LIP). The restoration paths and actions are determined for critical loads by solving the LIP. A 4-feeder, 1069-bus unbalanced test system with four microgrids is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The method is applied to the distribution system in Pullman, WA, resulting in a strategy that uses generators on the Washington State University campus to restore service to the Hospital and City Hall in Pullman.
Traffic flow disruptions caused by road incidents reduce the performance of transportation networks. Under such conditions, drivers often attempt to reduce delay by diverting to alternate paths, ...redistributing trips to less congested routes. In the absence of route guidance information, the speed and efficiency of network recovery are most significantly influenced by driver familiarity with a network and, in particular, its daily variability. The goal of this study was to propose metrics and a general formula to relate driver diversionary behavior during incidents to assess resulting actions and conditions from the perspective of network resiliency. Another key objective of the work was to assess the applicability of routine traffic volume data collected by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LA DOTD) for assessing both driver adaptation and local network resiliency during incidents. The findings from the study suggest that resiliency during incident conditions is not a fixed value for a facility but varies depending on the severity of the incident, opportunities for travel diversion, and the actions of network managers.
Historical electrical disturbances highlight the impact of extreme weather on power system resilience. Even though the occurrence of such events is rare, the severity of their potential impact calls ...for developing suitable resilience assessment techniques to capture their impacts and assessing relevant strategies to mitigate them. This paper aims to provide fundamentals insights on the modeling and quantification of power systems resilience. Specifically, a fragility model of individual components and then of the whole transmission system is built for mapping the real-time impact of severe weather, with focus on wind events, on their failure probabilities. A probabilistic multitemporal and multiregional resilience assessment methodology, based on optimal power flow and sequential Monte Carlo simulation, is then introduced, allowing the assessment of the spatiotemporal impact of a windstorm moving across a transmission network. Different risk-based resilience enhancement (or adaptation) measures are evaluated, which are driven by the resilience achievement worth index of the individual transmission components. The methodology is demonstrated using a test version of the Great Britain's system. As key outputs, the results demonstrate how, by using a mix of infrastructure and operational indices, it is possible to effectively quantify system resilience to extreme weather, identify and prioritize critical network sections, whose criticality depends on the weather intensity, and assess the technical benefits of different adaptation measures to enhance resilience.
PDF
