Due to the rising share of variable renewable energy, balancing market integration (BMI) has been advocated as a promising solution to achieve flexible resource sharing among different regions and ...enhance the flexibility of the overall power system. However, BMI can result in welfare transfers among regions, which may correspondingly give rise to resistance to integration. Therefore, an incentive mechanism to facilitate flexible resource sharing under BMI is designed in this paper. We first analyse the sources of the benefits of BMI and compare the influence of different market regulation approaches on the welfare transfer effect via a graphical method. Then, based on the Coase theorem, we design an incentive profit-sharing mechanism that is able to optimize the allocation of flexible resources and eliminate welfare transfers among regions to some extent to reduce possible resistance to integration. Case studies based on the three-region system and a realistic northwest power grid in China show that the balancing cost of multi-region systems can be respectively reduced up to 31% and 25%, and the utilization of flexible units can be increased by over 30% by BMI. Finally, corresponding policy implications for BMI are put forward; the proposed mechanism also provides a useful reference and insight for dealing with welfare transfers in interregional trading.
•Balancing market integration results in welfare transfers among regions.•An incentive profit-sharing mechanism based on the Coase theorem is designed.•Balancing market integration benefits from imbalance netting and resource sharing.•Inappropriate market adjustment approaches may lead to efficiency loss.•The contribution rates of each region and transmission lines are considered.
We consider Device-to-Device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks to improve local services. The system aims to optimize the throughput over the shared resources while fulfilling ...prioritized cellular service constraints. Optimum resource allocation and power control between the cellular and D2D connections that share the same resources are analyzed for different resource sharing modes. Optimality is discussed under practical constraints such as minimum and maximum spectral efficiency restrictions, and maximum transmit power or energy limitation. It is found that in most of the considered cases, optimum power control and resource allocation for the considered resource sharing modes can either be solved in closed form or searched from a finite set. The performance of the D2D underlay system is evaluated in both a single-cell scenario, and a Manhattan grid environment with multiple WINNER II A1 office buildings. The results show that by proper resource management, D2D communication can effectively improve the total throughput without generating harmful interference to cellular networks.
The operation of production facilities is shifting from centralized organizations towards decentralized networks. The paper investigates and compares alternative mechanisms for resource sharing in ...distributed manufacturing. Specifically, with the same underlying assumptions, a platform and a direct exchange-based model are presented and examined. The models have in common that resource assignment decisions are made ultimately by the autonomous facilities, also based on trust they maintain towards each other. Agent-based simulation is used to compare the two mechanisms with respect to utilization rate, service level and communication load. The findings can be applied in the design of crowdsourced manufacturing platforms.
Discrete manufacturing systems (MSs) are prevalent across various sectors such as electronic production, food processing, and apparel manufacturing. However, their operation raises critical concerns ...regarding significant energy consumption and carbon emissions. Implementing local electricity and carbon allowance sharing among MSs presents a potential solution to these issues, which is explored in this paper. The main contribution of this paper lies in achieving distributed electricity and carbon allowance sharing among MSs while addressing challenges related to algorithmic and physical feasibility. Firstly, a local electricity and carbon allowance sharing problem for MSs is formulated, which involves numerous binary decision variables due to the operation of discrete manufacturing facilities and energy storage, rendering the problem challenging to solve in a distributed manner. To tackle this challenge, we propose an alternating optimization procedure (AOP)-based distributed method to solve the problem while ensuring algorithmic feasibility. Secondly, the second-order cone relaxation program (SOCP)-based power flow model is identified cannot guarantee the exactness of the distribution system model when conducting local electricity sharing. We tackle this challenge by employing a convex-concave procedure (CCP)-based feasibility recovery procedure (FRP) to recover the exactness of the SOCP relaxation, thereby ensuring physical feasibility. The numerical results demonstrate that conducting local electricity and carbon allowance sharing can effectively reduce energy costs and carbon emissions for MSs. Moreover, compared with the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), the proposed distributed method can guarantee both algorithmic and physical feasibility when solving the problem.
•Enabling electricity and carbon allowance sharing among manufacturing systems.•A local electricity and carbon allowance sharing problem is formulated.•An alternating optimization procedure-based distributed method is proposed.•A convex-concave procedure-based feasibility recovery procedure is introduced.•Guaranteeing algorithmic and physical feasibility when solving the problem.
Recent developments in telecommunication world have allowed customers to share the storage and processing capabilities of their devices by providing services through fast and reliable connections. ...This evolution, however, requires building an incentive system to encourage information exchange in future telecommunication networks. In this study, we propose a mechanism to share bandwidth and processing resources among subscribers using smart contracts and a blockchain-based incentive mechanism, which is used to encourage subscribers to share their resources. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method through two use cases: (i) exchanging multimedia data and (ii) CPU sharing. We propose a universal user-to-user and user-to-operator payment system, named TelCash, which provides a solution for current roaming problems and establishes trust in X2X communications. TelCash has a great potential in solving the charges of roaming and reputation management (reliance) problems in telecommunications sector. We also show, by using a simulation study, that encouraging D2D communication leads to a significant increase in content quality, and there is a threshold after which downloading from base station is dramatically cut down and can be kept as low as 10%.
To resolve problems of information asymmetry and low matching efficiency in freight market, a freight resource sharing platform must provide accurate and readily acceptable vehicle-cargo matching ...results. We study a two-sided matching model, and analyze the impact of suppliers and demanders’ loss aversion on matching results. We find that users’ loss aversion positively influences the accuracy of vehicle-cargo matching. Next, we construct an evolutionary game model and investigate the trend of users’ strategic selection of the matching results recommended by the platform and the factors influencing their selection. Within their respective limits, the platform’s service level, the users’ initial acceptance probability and waiting cost are found to have a positive impact on the evolutionary trend of users’ acceptance of the matching results. The models are verified using numeric analyses. Several suggestions are made for improving platform matching efficiency.
•Users’ loss aversion is incorporated into a two-sided matching model.•Loss aversion has a positive influence on matching decisions.•Evolutionary game is used to study users’ strategic selection of matching results.
•Blockchain-based shared manufacturing (BSM) framework enables a P2P-based resource sharing mode.•BSM framework is a solution to the trust problem in shared manufacturing.•Resource operation ...blockchain (ROB) facilitates P2P-based resource sharing based on the smart contract network (SCN).•Proof-of-Participation (PoP) and SCN assure the stability and sustainability of ROB.
Shared Manufacturing (SharedMfg), a Peer-to-Peer (P2P)-based resource sharing paradigm boosted by the wide-spread of sharing economy, servitization and Internet of things, tends to massively extend the scope of resource sharing in both vertical and horizontal directions, and as a consequence, it amplifies a credibility gap in the manufacturing area. To respond to this problem, and meanwhile, promoting the SharedMfg, blockchain is attempted to integrate into the SharedMfg. Hence, this paper proposes the Blockchain-based SharedMfg (BSM) framework in support of the application of Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). At the same time, Resource Operation Blockchain (ROB) is constructed for the core operation of BSM framework, which carries out on the basis of a consensus mechanism (i.e., Proof-of-Participation) and a Smart Contract Network (SCN), to facilitate the P2P-based resource sharing paradigm. A prototype system is implemented by the Ethereum framework together with discussions to validate the feasibility of ROB. In brief, BSM framework complementarily combines the blockchain and SharedMfg, beneficial to promote both modes.
In heterogeneous ultra-dense networks (HetUDNs), the software-defined wireless network (SDWN) separates resource management from geo-distributed resources belonging to different service providers. A ...centralized SDWN controller can manage the entire network globally. In this paper, we focus on mobile traffic offloading and resource allocation in SDWN-based HetUDNs, constituted of different macro base stations and small-cell base stations (SBSs). We explore a scenario where SBSs' capacities are available, but their offloading performance is unknown to the SDWN controller: this is the information asymmetric case. To address this asymmetry, incentivized traffic offloading contracts are designed to encourage each SBS to select the contract that achieves its own maximum utility. The characteristics of large numbers of SBSs in HetUDNs are aggregated in an analytical model, allowing us to select the SBS types that provide the off-loading, based on different contracts which offer rationality and incentive compatibility to different SBS types. This leads to a closed-form expression for selecting the SBS types involved, and we prove the monotonicity and incentive compatibility of the resulting contracts. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed contract-based traffic offloading mechanism, and its overall system performance, are validated using simulations.
Clonal plants play key roles in maintaining community productivity and stability in many ecosystems. Connected individuals (ramets) of clonal plants can translocate and share, for example, ...photosynthates, water and nutrients, and such physiological integration may affect performance of clonal plants both in heterogeneous and homogeneous environments. However, we still lack a general understanding of whether or how physiological integration in clonal plants differs across homogeneous versus heterogeneous environments.
We compiled data from 198 peer‐reviewed scientific studies conducted in 19 countries with 108 clonal plant species from 35 families, and carried out a meta‐analysis of effects of physiological integration on 16 traits related to plant growth, morphology, physiology or allocation. Our analyses evaluated these relationships in (A) heterogeneous environments where at least one resource essential for plant growth (e.g. light, soil water and mineral nutrients) or non‐resource factor (e.g. grazing, trampling and burial) is spatially non‐uniformly distributed and (B) homogeneous environments where all these factors are spatially uniformly distributed.
Physiological integration increased growth of whole clones in both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments due to its highly significant contribution to growth of recipient ramets. Integration did not affect growth of donor ramets in heterogeneous environments, but decreased it in homogeneous environments.
Integration affected physiological traits of donor ramets in neither homogeneous nor heterogeneous environments. It did not affect any physiological traits of recipient ramets in homogeneous environments, but increased most of them in heterogeneous environments. For donor ramets, integration increased height by 53% and internode length by 37% in heterogeneous environments, but had no effect in homogeneous environments. For recipient ramets, integration increased height by 73% in homogeneous environments and by 115% in heterogeneous environments, and increased internode length by 35% only under heterogeneous environments. In heterogeneous environments, integration increased biomass allocation to roots of donor ramets under high water/nutrient conditions and decreased it under high light.
Physiological integration plays a strong role in clonal plant physiology, morphology and growth, especially for recipient ramets in heterogeneous environments. Therefore, physiological integration may have contributed to the widespread of clonal plants in nature and their dominance in many ecosystems. It may also play important roles in invasion success of alien clonal plants and in maintaining functions and stability of ecosystems where clonal plants are abundant.
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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