Pozzolanic reaction of volcanic ash with hydrated lime is thought to dominate the cementing fabric and durability of 2000-year-old Roman harbor concrete. Pliny the Elder, however, in first century CE ...emphasized rock-like cementitious processes involving volcanic ash (pulvis) "that as soon as it comes into contact with the waves of the sea and is submerged becomes a single stone mass (fierem unum lapidem), impregnable to the waves and every day stronger" (Naturalis Historia 35.166). Pozzolanic crystallization of Al-tobermorite, a rare, hydrothermal, calcium-silicate-hydrate mineral with cation exchange capabilities, has been previously recognized in relict lime clasts of the concrete. Synchrotron-based X-ray microdiffraction maps of cementitious microstructures in Baianus Sinus and Portus Neronis submarine breakwaters and a Portus Cosanus subaerial pier now reveal that Al-tobermorite also occurs in the leached perimeters of feldspar fragments, zeolitized pumice vesicles, and in situ phillipsite fabrics in relict pores. Production of alkaline pore fluids through dissolution-precipitation, cation-exchange and/or carbonation reactions with Campi Flegrei ash components, similar to processes in altered trachytic and basaltic tuffs, created multiple pathways to post-pozzolanic phillipsite and Al-tobermorite crystallization at ambient seawater and surface temperatures. Long-term chemical resilience of the concrete evidently relied on water-rock interactions, as Pliny the Elder inferred. Raman spectroscopic analyses of Baianus Sinus Al-tobermorite in diverse microstructural environments indicate a cross-linked structure with Al3+ substitution for Si4+ in Q3 tetrahedral sites, and suggest coupled Al3++Na+ substitution and potential for cation exchange. The mineral fabrics provide a geoarchaeological prototype for developing cementitious processes through low-temperature rock-fluid interactions, subsequent to an initial phase of reaction with lime that defines the activity of natural pozzolans. These processes have relevance to carbonation reactions in storage reservoirs for CO2 in pyroclastic rocks, production of alkali-activated mineral cements in maritime concretes, and regenerative cementitious resilience in waste encapsulations using natural volcanic pozzolans.
Archaeologists working in northwest Europe have long remarked on the sheer quantity and standardisation of objects unearthed from the Roman period, especially compared with earlier eras. What was the ...historical significance of this boom in standardised objects? With a wide and ever-changing spectrum of innovative objects and styles to choose from, to what extent did the choices made by people in the past really matter? To answer these questions, this book sheds new light on the make-up of late Iron Age and early Roman ‘objectscapes’, through an examination of the circulation and selections of thousands of standardised pots, brooches, and other objects, with emphasis on funerary repertoires, c. 100 bc-ad 100. Breaking with the national frameworks that inform artefact research in much ‘provincial’ Roman archaeology, the book tests the idea that marked increases in the movement of people and objects fostered pan-regional culture(s) and transformed societies. Using a rich database of cemeteries and settlements spanning a swathe of northwest Europe, including southern Britannia, Gallia Belgica, and Germania Inferior, the study extensively applies multivariate statistics (such as Correspondence Analysis) to examine the roles of objects in an ever-changing and richly complex cultural milieu.
Mirko D. Grmek (1924-2000) is one of the most significant figures in the history of medicine, and has long been considered a pioneer of the field. The singular trajectory that took Grmek from ...Yugoslavia to the academic culture of post-war France placed him at the crossroads of different intellectual trends and made him an influential figure during the second half of the twentieth century. Yet, scholars have rarely attempted to articulate his distinctive vision of the history of science and medicine with all its tensions, contradictions, and ambiguities. This volume brings together and publishes for the first time in English a range of Grmek’s writings, providing a portrait of his entire career as a historian of science and an engaged intellectual figure. Pathological Realities pieces together Grmek’s scholarship that reveals the interconnections of diseases, societies, and medical theories.
Straddling the sciences and the humanities, Grmek crafted significant new concepts and methods to engage with contemporary social problems such as wars, genocides and pandemics. Uniting some major strands of his published work that are still dispersed or simply unknown, this volume covers the deep epistemological changes in historical conceptions of disease as well as major advances within the life sciences and their historiography. Opening with a classic essay – “Preliminaries for a Historical Study of Diseases,” this volume introduces Grmek’s notions of “pathocenosis” and “emerging infections,” illustrating them with historical and contemporary cases. Pathological Realities also showcases Grmek’s pioneering approach to the history of science and medicine using laboratory notebooks as well as his original work on biological thought and the role of ideologies and myths in the history of science. The essays assembled here reveal Grmek’s significant influence and continued relevance for current research in the history of medicine and biology, medical humanities, science studies, and the philosophy of science.
The papers collected in this volume provide invaluable insights into the results of different interactions between "Romans" and Others. Articles dealing with cultural changes within and outside the ...borders of Roman Empire highlight the idea that those very changes had different results and outcomes depending on various social, political, economic, geographical and chronological factors. Most of the contributions here focus on the issues of what it means to be Roman in different contexts, and show that the concept and idea of Roman-ness were different for the various populations that interacted with Romans through several means of communication, including political alliances, wars, trade, and diplomacy. The volume also covers a huge geographical area, from Britain, across Europe to the Near East and the Caucasus, but also provides information on the Roman Empire through eyes of foreigners, such as the ancient Chinese.
In order to reconstruct the activity of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) during the last ∼4 kyr, two stalagmites from Baratang cave in Andaman Islands have been investigated for their temporal ...variations in δ18O. The chronology is provided by radiocarbon ages on the stalagmites. During 1800–2100 cal yr BP, we observed a significant increase in stalagmite δ18O that we infer is caused by the amount effect. This increase implies a strong reduction in the strength of the ISM that is correlated with the Roman Warm Period. Other proxy records in the region confirm a reduction in ISM activity during this time. Reduction in the ISM is also observed around 1500 and 400–800 cal yr BP; the latter period is the transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. The strongest monsoon in the last ∼4 kyr is observed during 800–1200 cal yr BP, the Medieval Warm Period.
Key Points
Indian Summer Monsoon variation for the last 4 kyr has been reconstructed
All major global climate events of last 4 kyr are observed in stalagmite d18O
A strong reduction in the ISM is observed during Roman Warm Period (~2 kyr BP)
An independent Roman dominating function (IRD-function) on a graph
G
is a function
f
:
V
(
G
) → {0, 1, 2} satisfying the conditions that (i) every vertex
u
for which
f
(
u
) = 0 is adjacent to at ...least one vertex
v
for which
f
(
v
) = 2, and (ii) the set of all vertices assigned non-zero values under
f
is independent. The weight of an IRD-function is the sum of its function values over all vertices, and the independent Roman domination number
i
R
(
G
) of
G
is the minimum weight of an IRD-function on
G
. In this paper, we initiate the study of the independent Roman bondage number
b
iR
(
G
) of a graph
G
having at least one component of order at least three, defined as the smallest size of set of edges
F
⊆
E
(
G
) for which
i
R
(
G
−
F
) >
i
R
(
G
). We begin by showing that the decision problem associated with the independent Roman bondage problem is NP-hard for bipartite graphs. Then various upper bounds on
b
iR
(
G
) are established as well as exact values on it for some special graphs. In particular, for trees
T
of order at least three, it is shown that
b
iR
(
T
) ≤ 3, while for connected planar graphs the upper bounds are in terms of the maximum degree with refinements depending on the girth of the graph.
The lineage novel flourished in Korea from the late seventeenth to
the early twentieth century. These vast works unfold
genealogically, tracing the lives of several generations. New
storylines, often ...written by different authors, follow the lives of
the descendants of the original protagonists, offering encyclopedic
accounts of domestic life cycles and relationships. Elite women
transcribed these texts-which span tens and even hundreds of
volumes-in exquisite vernacular calligraphy and transmitted them
through generations in their families. In Kinship Novels of
Early Modern Korea , Ksenia Chizhova foregrounds lineage novels
and the domestic world in which they were read to recast the social
transformations of Chosŏn Korea and the development of early modern
Korean literature. She demonstrates women's centrality to the
creation of elite vernacular Korean practices and argues that
domestic-focused genres such as lineage novels, commemorative
texts, and family tales shed light on the emergence and
perpetuation of patrilineal kinship structures. The proliferation
of kinship narratives in the Chosŏn period illuminates the changing
affective contours of familial bonds and how the domestic space
functioned as a site of their everyday experience. Drawing on an
archive of women-centered elite vernacular texts, Chizhova uncovers
the structures of feelings and conceptions of selfhood beneath
official genealogies and legal statutes, revealing that kinship is
as much a textual as a social practice. Shedding new light on
Korean literary history and questions of Korea's modernity, this
book also offers a broader lens on the global rise of the novel.
This book explores the spoliation of architectural and sculptural materials during the Roman empire. Examining a wide range of materials, including imperial portraits, statues associated with master ...craftsmen, architectural moldings and fixtures, tombs and sarcophagi, arches and gateways, it demonstrates that secondary intervention was common well before Late Antiquity, in fact, centuries earlier than has been previously acknowledged. The essays in this volume, written by a team of international experts, collectively argue that re-use was a natural feature of human manipulation of the physical environment, rather than a sign of social pressure. Re-use often reflected appreciation for the function, form, and design of the material culture of earlier eras. Political, social, religious, and economic factors also contributed to the practice. A comprehensive overview of spoliation and re-use, this volume examines the phenomenon in Rome and throughout the Mediterranean world.
Perfect Roman domination in graphs Banerjee, S.; Mark Keil, J.; Pradhan, D.
Theoretical computer science,
12/2019, Volume:
796
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A perfect Roman dominating function on a graph G is a function f:V(G)⟶{0,1,2} having the property that for every vertex u with f(u)=0, there exists exactly one vertex v such that uv∈E(G) and f(v)=2. ...The weight of f, denoted by w(f), is the value ∑v∈V(G)f(v). Given a graph G and a positive integer k, the perfect Roman domination problem is to decide whether there is a perfect Roman dominating function f on G such that w(f) is at most k. In this paper, we first show that the perfect Roman domination problem is NP-complete for chordal graphs, planar graphs, and bipartite graphs. Then we present polynomial time algorithms for computing a perfect Roman dominating function with minimum weight in block graphs, cographs, series-parallel graphs, and proper interval graphs.
•We study the perfect Roman domination problem from the algorithmic point of view.•The perfect Roman domination problem is NP-complete for chordal graphs, planar graphs, and bipartite graphs.•We present linear time algorithms for computing the perfect Roman domination number in block graphs, cographs, and series-parallel graphs.•Further, a polynomial time algorithm is proposed for computing the perfect Roman domination number in proper interval graphs.
This study uses increased specialisation in husbandry practice and the development of larger livestock as a proxy for spatial and temporal variation in Roman influence in southeast Europe. Data are ...presented from three regions subject to varying levels of Roman control: (a) the Balkan provinces, under long-term occupation; (b) Dacia, a province from 106 to 271/275 CE; and (c) regions beyond the Empire to the northwest and northeast. While little change in husbandry practice occurs during the early Roman occupation in the first centuries BCE and CE, clear changes are evident across occupied regions in the second and third centuries CE. A cattle-focused economic system develops, likely influenced by an increased focus on arable production, and a significant increase in cattle and sheep/goat size is observed. In the Balkan provinces, while larger livestock persist into the early Byzantine period, there is a decline in specialised cattle exploitation at rural sites in the late Roman period, and at urban sites in the early Byzantine period, concurrent with a decrease in Roman political control. In Dacia, in contrast, average livestock size decreases after the Roman withdrawal, while specialised cattle husbandry persists for several centuries. Beyond the Empire, specialised cattle husbandry is evident from the late Iron Age, but increases in the second and third centuries, perhaps indicating the spread of Roman influence beyond occupied regions.
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