The appropriate selection of rootstock-scion combinations to improve yield and fully realize grafting benefits requires an in-depth understanding of rootstock-scion synergy. Toward this end, we ...grafted two determinate-type scions grape tomato ('BHN 1022') and beefsteak tomato ('Skyway') onto four rootstocks with different characteristics to examine plant growth, yield performance, biomass production, and fruit mineral nutrient composition. The study was conducted during two growing seasons (spring and fall plantings in Florida) under organic production in high tunnels with the non-grafted scions as controls. Rootstocks had previously been designated as either "generative" ('Estamino') or "vegetative" ('DR0141TX') by some commercial suppliers or had not been characterized 'RST-04-106-T' and 'SHIELD RZ F1 (61-802)'. Also, 'Estamino', 'DR0141TX', and 'RST-04-106-T' had been described as more vigorous than 'SHIELD RZ F1 (61-802)'. In both planting seasons (with low levels of soilborne disease pressure), the "vegetative" and "generative" rootstocks increased marketable and total fruit yields for both scions except for the beefsteak tomato grafted with the "vegetative" rootstock in fall planting. Positive effects of 'RST-04-106-T' on fruit yield varied with scions and planting seasons, and were most manifested when grafted with the beefsteak tomato scion in fall planting. 'SHIELD RZ F1 (61-802)' led to similar yields as the non-grafted controls except for grafting with the grape tomato scion in fall planting. For vegetative and fruit biomass, both the "vegetative" and "generative" rootstocks had positive impacts except for the beefsteak tomato in fall planting. For fruit mineral composition, the "vegetative" and "generative" rootstocks, both highly vigorous, consistently elevated fruit P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe contents on a dry weight basis, whereas the other rootstocks did not. Overall, although the more vigorous rootstocks enhanced tomato plant productivity and fruit minerals, the evidence presented here does not support the suggestion that the so-called "vegetative" and "generative" rootstocks have different impacts on tomato scion yield, biomass production, or fruit mineral contents. More studies with different production systems and environmental conditions as well as contrasting scion genotypes are needed to further categorize the impacts of rootstocks with different vigor and other characteristics on plant biomass production and their implications on fruit yield development.
Previous studies of tomato rootstock effects on fruit quality have yielded mixed results, and few attempts have been made to systematically examine the association between rootstock characteristics ...and tomato fruit quality. In this study, grape tomato ('BHN 1022') and beefsteak tomato ('Skyway') were grafted onto four rootstocks 'Estamino' (vigorous and "generative"), 'DR0141TX' (vigorous and "vegetative"), 'RST-04-106-T' (uncharacterized), and 'SHIELD RZ F1 (61-802)' (mid-vigor, uncharacterized) and compared to non-grafted scion controls for two growing seasons (Spring and Fall in Florida) in organically managed high tunnels. In both seasons and for both scions, the two vigorous rootstocks, regardless of their designation as "vegetative" ('DR0141TX') or "generative" ('Estamino'), exhibited negative impacts on dry matter content, soluble solids content (SSC), SSC/titratable acidity (TA), lycopene, and ascorbic acid contents. Similar effects on fruit dry matter content and SSC were also observed with the 'RST-04-106-T' rootstock, although little to no change was seen with grafting onto 'SHIELD RZ F1 (61-802)'. Further studies are needed to elucidate the impact of rootstock vigor on tomato volatile profiles and consumer sensory acceptability in order to better determine whether any of the documented effects are of practical importance. On the other hand, the evident effects of scion cultivar and planting season on fruit quality were observed in most of the measurements. The scion by rootstock interaction affected fruit length, firmness, pH, and total phenolic content, while the planting season by rootstock interaction impacted fruit firmness, pH, total antioxidant capacity, and ascorbic acid and lycopene contents. The multivariate separation pattern of planting season, scion, and rootstock treatments as revealed by the canonical discriminant analysis further indicated that the influence of scion cultivar and planting season on tomato fruit quality could be much more pronounced than the rootstock effects. The fruit color (
* and
°), length and width, SSC, pH, total antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid, and lycopene contents were the main attributes distinguishing different scion-planting season groups.
Choose the Right Citrus Rootstock Castle, William S.; Futch, Stephen; Ferrarezi, Rhuanito Soranz
EDIS,
09/2020, Volume:
2020, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
After the arrival in 2005 of citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing in Florida, making a profitable rootstock decision became more complicated. New rootstocks are being developed and released for ...commercialization at an accelerated pace. Regardless of these changes, there remains a time-honored framework for selecting rootstocks. This publication provides guidance in 4 aspects of scion selection: site history, objectives, sources of information on rootstocks, and choosing a rootstock that matches site and grower objectives.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs178
This is a revision, original publication: Castle, William, and James Ferguson. 1. “Considerations for Choosing the Right Rootstocks”. EDIS 2003 (13). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/108974.
•Stenting is the simultaneous use of grafting and cutting methods in one action.•The different stem parts as rootstock are important for the success of stenting.•The different stem parts affect ...phenolic compounds in the biosynthesis of lignin.•Antioxidant enzymes play a key role in graft union and adventitious root formation.•The bottom and middle positions of stem should be used to multiply by stenting.
Stenting is a commercial propagation method for roses that combines grafting and cutting in one action and the resulting plantlet is named ‘stentling’. Several physiological and biochemical factors can significantly influence graft union healing and adventitious root formation. The effect of rootstock and its cutting-prepared region have not been well studied for successful stenting. We provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological and biochemical aspects of the stenting process, utilizing rootstock positions as the source of variation among treatments. Morphophysiological and biochemical assays were performed to evaluate the effect of three different stem parts (bottom, middle, and top) of ‘Natal Briar’ as rootstock on graft union healing and adventitious root formation of the rose stentlings. When the rootstock originating from the bottom and middle positions improved the physiological, biochemical, and morphological responses of the stentling, significantly. In this regard, the improved biochemical properties, including total soluble sugars, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and lignin content seem to play a special role in the success of grafting and subsequently the adventitious root formation. Assessing morphophysiological and biochemical parameters paves the way for a better understanding of the mechanism of successful stenting.
Relevance
. In the middle zone of Russia, industrial cultivation of pear fruits is almost not produced due to the lack of intensive rootstocks. In regions with a mild climate, this problem has long ...been solved by grafting pears on common quince, but in more northern regions, quince is not hardy enough. In recent years, as a result of the long-term work of VNIISPK scientists, winter-hardy rootstock forms of common quince have been obtained, capable of restraining the growth of grafts and accelerating their entry into the fruiting season. They have a wide prospect of being used to intensify the production of pear fruits in central Russia. However, the grafting of pears on quince is remote intergenerational and not all varieties can be cultivated on it due to different degrees of compatibility. There is no single methodology for determining compatible and incompatible graft-rootstock combinations of pear varieties with quince, therefore, it is an important and urgent task to identify signs by which non-viable combinations can be identified starting from the nursery.
Materials and methods
. The research was carried out in the conditions of the VNIISPK production nursery in 2008-2010; 2019-2022. The object of research was graft-rootstock combinations consisting of quince seedlings of ordinary selection of VNIISPK used as rootstocks and various varieties of pear collection of the Institute. Pear seedlings were used as a control. Propagation of varieties was carried out by the method of oculation at a height of 20 cm from the ground in the first decade of August. The repetition of the experiment is 3 times 30 plants in each. Agrotechnics of experience is generally accepted. In order to identify the most common signs characterizing the degree of compatibility of graft-rootstock combinations, starting from the awakening of the eyes of the graft, observations were made every 5-7 days on their development in a nursery.
Results
. In the course of observations, a number of additional signs were identified that can be indicators of positive or negative accretion of pear varieties with quince and on the basis of which it is possible to determine viable and non-viable graft-rootstock combinations already in the nursery. The conducted studies also made it possible to divide pear varieties into three groups of compatibility with quince: A – well compatible varieties. Their development on the quince rootstock is better than on the pear rootstock. B – satisfactorily compatible varieties. They can grow on common quince, that is, they can be viable graft-rootstock combinations, but there are some signs of their incomplete development. It is advisable to use a compatible insert rootstock, on which such varieties develop better. С – incompatible varieties. It is possible to grow such varieties on quince only with the use of a compatible insert rootstock. With direct grafting on common quince, such graft-rootstock combinations are not viable.
▶ Transplants grafting is a mean for overcoming biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Formation of scion-rootstock interaction depends on adequate hormonal balance. ▶ Auxin, cytokinins, ABA and ...ethylene have important role in grafted plant development. ▶ Considerations of hormonal signaling may improve breeding of better rootstocks. ▶ Genetic engineering maybe applied for improvement of stress tolerance of rootstock.
The use of grafting technology in vegetable crops, represents a significant component of the vegetable industries throughout the world. Most, if not all rootstocks and successful grafting combinations are selected on the basis of empirical testing. Obviously, there is a need for better understanding of the endogenous factors which control rootstock scion communication and processes which lead to the beneficial effects of grafting. The huge progress in understanding signaling processes and the involvement of phyto-hormones in all aspects of plant development and crop productivity may be utilized for more profound probing into rootstock–scion communication in grafted plants. This review summarizes some of the research results in four aspects of hormonal signaling in rootstock–scion interactions: (1) formation of the rootstock–scion union; (2) rootstock–scion communication; (3) improvement of grafting interactions by hormonal manipulations; (4) hormonal influence on growth, flowering, and fruit quality.
Cadmium (Cd) is detrimental to grape growth, development, and fruit quality. Grafting is considered to be a useful method to improve plant adaptability to Cd stress in grape production. However, ...little information is available on how Cd stress affects grafted grapes. In this study, the effects of Cd on Shine Muscat grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Shine Muscat’) were studied under different “Cd treatments” concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mg kg‐1) and “rootstock treatments” (SO4, 5BB, and 3309C). The results showed that low levels of Cd had hormesis effect and activated the grape antioxidant system to eliminate the ROS induced by Cd stress. The antioxidant capacity of the SM/3309C rootstock combination was stronger than that of the other two groups under low-concentration Cd stress. Moreover, the rootstock effectively sequestered a substantial amount of Cd, consequently mitigating the upward translocation of Cd to the aboveground portions. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed several important pathways enriched in ABC transporters, flavonoid biosynthesis, Plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism under Cd stress. WGCNA analysis identified a hub gene, R2R3-MYB15, which could promote the expression of several genes (PAL, 4CL, CYP73A, ST, CHS, and COMT), and alleviate the damage caused by Cd toxicity. These findings might shed light on the mechanism of hormesis triggered by low Cd stress in grapes at the transcriptional and metabolic levels.
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•The transcriptome and metabolome of ‘Shine Muscat’ grape grafted on three rootstocks under Cd stress were determined.•Low levels of Cd had hormesis effect and activated the grape antioxidant system.•Three lignin synthesis genes (PAL, 4CL, and COMT) were up-regulated under Cd stress.•R2R3-MYB15 as a hub gene plays an important role in Cd stress.
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