The United Nations Security Council has increasingly resorted to sanctions as part of its efforts to prevent and resolve conflict. In this 2007 book, Farrall traces the evolution of the Security ...Council's sanctions powers and charts the contours of the UN sanctions system. He also evaluates the extent to which the Security Council's increasing commitment to strengthening the rule of law extends to its sanctions practice. The book identifies shortcomings in respect of key rule of law principles and advances pragmatic policy-reform proposals designed to ensure that UN sanctions promote, strengthen and reinforce the rule of law. In its appendices United Nations Sanctions and the Rule of Law contains summaries of all 25 UN sanctions regimes established to date by the Security Council. It forms an invaluable source of reference for diplomats, policymakers, scholars and advocates.
The global sanctions data base Felbermayr, Gabriel; Kirilakha, Aleksandra; Syropoulos, Constantinos ...
European economic review,
10/2020, Volume:
129
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article introduces the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB), a new dataset of economic sanctions that covers all bilateral, multilateral, and plurilateral sanctions in the world during the ...1950–2016 period across three dimensions: type, political objective, and extent of success. The GSDB features by far the most cases amongst data bases that focus on effective sanctions (i.e., excluding threats) and is particularly useful for analysis of bilateral international transactional data (such as trade flows). We highlight five important stylized facts: (i) sanctions are increasingly used over time; (ii) European countries are the most frequent users and African countries the most frequent targets; (iii) sanctions are becoming more diverse, with the share of trade sanctions falling and that of financial or travel sanctions rising; (iv) the main objectives of sanctions are increasingly related to democracy or human rights; (v) the success rate of sanctions has gone up until 1995 and fallen since then. Using state-of-the-art gravity modeling, we highlight the usefulness of the GSDB in the realm of international trade. Trade sanctions have a negative but heterogeneous effect on trade, which is most pronounced for complete bilateral sanctions, followed by complete export sanctions.
Objective: to propose anti-sanction and sanction measures based on the analysis of the external and internal environment of the Russian economy and anti-crisis measures implemented by the Russian ...government.Methods: techniques of abstract-logical method were used, such as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, and forecasting.Results: a critical assessment of anti-crisis measures by other scientists was given; the anti-sanctions plan of the Russian Federation for 2022–2024 was analyzed. As a result of the calculations, the approximate parameters of the budget system expenditures for the realization of the anti-sanctions policy were determined. Prospects, main measures and plans to bring priority sectors of the national economy out of the crisis were assessed. It was found that, despite the success of the antisanctions plan, many of the problems hindering the development of the Russian economy have not yet been solved. The main anti-sanction and sanction measures for the Russian economy development were proposed.Scientific novelty: measures to correct Russia’s anti-sanction and sanction economic policy were proposed: first, those referring to the area of transition to non-obvious, rational, defense-attack and protectionist sanctions economic policy of Russia; second, those for the transition to open, long-term, protectionist and preventive anti-sanction economic policy of the Russian Federation.Practical significance: the proposed measures will weaken the consequences of the sanctions war and lay the foundation for Russia’s economic development in the medium and long term. A systematic approach to the study of anti-sanction and sanction economic policy of Russia will allow other countries (China, first of all) to use the Russian experience of successful counteraction to the sanctions of the US and its allies.
Recent research on economic sanctions has produced significant advances in our theoretical and empirical understanding of the causes and effects of these phenomena. Our theoretical understanding, ...which has been guided by empirical findings, has reached the point where existing datasets are no longer adequate to test important hypotheses. This article presents a recently updated version of the Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions dataset. This version of the data extends the temporal domain, corrects errors, updates cases that were ongoing as of the last release, and includes a few additional variables. We describe the dataset, paying special attention to the key differences in the new version, and we present descriptive statistics for some of the key variables, highlighting differences across versions. Since the major change in the dataset was to more than double the time period covered, we also present some simple statistics showing trends in sanctions use over time.
This book is the first in a series examining how public law and international law intersect in five thematic areas of global significance: sanctions, global health, environment, movement of people ...and security. Until recently, international and public law have mainly overlapped in discussions on how international law is implemented domestically. This series explores the complex interactions that occur when legal regimes intersect, merge or collide. Sanctions, Accountability and Governance in a Globalised World discusses legal principles which cross the international law/domestic public law divide. What tensions emerge from efforts to apply and enforce law across diverse jurisdictions? Can we ultimately only fill in or fall between the cracks or is there some greater potential for law in the engagement? This book provides insights into international, constitutional and administrative law, indicating the way these intersect, creating a valuable resource for students, academics and practitioners in the field.
Nations and international organizations are increasingly using sanctions as a means to achieve their foreign policy aims. However, sanctions are ineffective if they are executed without a clear ...strategy responsive to the nature and changing behavior of the target. In The Art of Sanctions, Richard Nephew offers a much-needed practical framework for planning and applying sanctions that focuses not just on the initial sanctions strategy but also, crucially, on how to calibrate along the way and how to decide when sanctions have achieved maximum effectiveness. Nephew—a leader in the design and implementation of sanctions on Iran—develops guidelines for interpreting targets' responses to sanctions based on two critical factors: pain and resolve. The efficacy of sanctions lies in the application of pain against a target, but targets may have significant resolve to resist, tolerate, or overcome this pain. Understanding the interplay of pain and resolve is central to using sanctions both successfully and humanely. With attention to these two key variables, and to how they change over the course of a sanctions regime, policy makers can pinpoint when diplomatic intervention is likely to succeed or when escalation is necessary. Focusing on lessons learned from sanctions on both Iran and Iraq, Nephew provides policymakers with practical guidance on how to measure and respond to pain and resolve in the service of strong and successful sanctions regimes.
•This paper investigates whether aid suspensions can be considered a sanctions type. This aims to address the tendency to neglect aid suspensions in the study of foreign policy sanctions. Aid ...suspensions are routinely examined in the framework of development studies.•This exclusion can be problematic because it might be distorting our understanding of when sanctions “work”, what effect they have, and under which conditions they tend to be influential.•A key highlight of the paper is that it employs an original, author-made dataset tailored to this research.•In order to test whether aid suspensions behave similarly to the remainder of the sanctions universe, it performs a number of tests looking at their impact on different regime types.•The outcome of the tests confirms our intuitions: aid suspensions behave no different from other sanctions as far as their effects on regime types are concerned.•However, intriguingly, it confirms more significance for regime types when compared with level of wealth in the case of aid sanctions, which differs from the rest of the sanctions universe.•This points to the interest of investigating further this research avenue.
The efficacy of international sanctions in bringing about compliance with the goals of the sender is of interest to both International Relations (IR) and development scholars. Yet, aid suspensions receive less attention in sanctions research than economic sanctions, which may be biasing our understanding of sanctions efficacy. Since recent research has established that different autocratic types display diverging degrees of resilience to sanctions, we ascertain whether such claims are applicable to aid suspensions. We put forward several hypotheses. First, we look at how resilient different regime type are to sanctions, and then investigate whether results for aid suspensions differ from those for sanctions in general. After that, we hypothesise that wealth protects autocracies less from aid suspensions than from other sanctions because their effects are markedly harder to evade. With the help of econometric analysis, we test our hypotheses on original data that feature aid suspensions as a stand-alone category. Test results unequivocally corroborate the superior resistance of single-party regimes and monarchies. Importantly, with the only exception of the monarchic category, our results confirm the comparability of aid suspensions with other sanctions with regard to their effects on different regime types, corroborating that their marginal role in sanctions scholarship is unwarranted. A final test on the role of target prosperity uncovers an intriguing nuance: affluence strengthens target resistance to foreign policy sanctions but not to aid suspensions. This confirms our evasion hypothesis: while alternative trade routes can offset a ban on trade with a set of senders, substitute donors are rare. We conclude with some implications for further study.
At a time when the international community is again threatening some countries with sanctions, this book comes as a warning. It should be mandatory reading for all those politicians and their ...foreign-policy advisors who continue to consider sanctions an effective form of policy. The author not only offers us a critical, lucid, and well-informed survey of political developments in Iraq, but also a heart-rending account of the suffering of the Iraqi people. It was they who bore the brunt of the 13-year's sanctions, while the members of Saddam's regime continued to live in luxury and accumulate huge fortunes. H.-C. von Sponeck, the former "UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Iraq," explores the UN's sanction policies against Iraq, their consequences, and the domestic conditions during this period. His extensive research is based on previously unpublished internal UN documents and discussions with UN decision makers (such as General Secretary Kofi Annan), Iraqi officials and politicians (including Saddam Hussein), and ordinary Iraqis. The author's findings question who really benefited from the program, what role the UN Security Council and its various member states played, and whether there were then and are today alternatives to the UN's Iraq policies.
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