Termitaria are major sites of functional heterogeneity in tropical ecosystems, through their strong influence on soil characteristics, in particular soil physico-chemical properties and water status. ...These factors have important consequences on nutrient availability for plants, plant spatial distribution, and vegetation dynamics. However, comprehensive information about the influence of termite-rehandled soil on soil water regime is lacking. In a humid shrubby savanna, we characterized the spatial variations in soil texture, soil structure and maximum soil water content available for plants (AWCmax) induced by a large termite mound, at three deepths (0-0.10, 0.20-0.30 and 0.50-0.60 m). In addition, during a three month period at the end of the rainy season, soil water potential was surveyed by matrix sensors located on the termite mound and in the surrounding soil at the same depths and for the 80-90 cm layer. Concurrently, the leaf shedding patterns of two coexisting deciduous shrub species exhibiting contrasted soil water uptake patterns were compared for individuals located on termite mounds and in undisturbed control areas. For all the soil layers studied, clay and silt contents were higher for the mound soil. Total soil clods porosity was higher on the mound than in control areas, particularly in the 0.20-0.60 m layer, and mound soil exhibited a high shrinking/swelling capacity. AWCmax of the 0-0.60 m soil layer was substantially higher on the termite mound (112 mm) than in the surroundings (84 mm). Furthermore, during the beginning of the dry season, soil water potential measured in situ for the 0.20-0.90 m soil layer was higher on the mound than in the control soil. In contrast, soil water potential of the 0-0.10 m soil layer was similar on the mound and in the control soil. In the middle of the dry season, the leaf shedding pattern of Crossopteryx febrifuga shrubs (which have limited access to soil layers below 0.60 m) located on mounds was less pronounced than that of individuals located on control soil. In contrast, the leaf shedding pattern of the shrub Cussonia barteri (which has a good access to deep soil layers) was not influenced by the termite mound. We conclude that in this savanna ecosystem, termite mounds appear as peculiar sites which exhibit improved soil water availability for plants in upper soil layers, and significantly influence aspects of plant function. Implications of these results for understanding and modelling savanna function and dynamics, and particularly competitive interactions between plant species, are discussed.
Alien plants invade many ecosystems worldwide and often have substantial negative effects on ecosystem structure and functioning. Our ability to quantitatively predict these impacts is, in part, ...limited by the absence of suitable plant-spread models and by inadequate parameter estimates for such models. This paper explores the effects of model, plant, and environmental attributes on predicted rates and patterns of spread of alien pine trees (Pinus spp.) in South African fynbos (a mediterranean-type shrubland). A factorial experimental design was used to: (1) compare the predictions of a simple reaction-diffusion model and a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model; (2) investigate the sensitivity of predicted rates and patterns of spread to parameter values; and (3) quantify the effects of the simulation model's spatial grain on its predictions. The results show that the spatial simulation model places greater emphasis on interactions among ecological processes than does the reaction-diffusion model. This ensures that the predictions of the two models differ substantially for some factor combinations. The most important factor in the model is dispersal ability. Fire frequency, fecundity, and age of reproductive maturity are less important, while adult mortality has little effect on the model's predictions. The simulation model's predictions are sensitive to the model's spatial grain. This suggests that simulation models that use matrices as a spatial framework should ensure that the spatial grain of the model is compatible with the spatial processes being modeled. We conclude that parameter estimation and model development must be integrated procedures. This will ensure that the model's structure is compatible with the biological processes being modeled. Failure to do so may result in spurious predictions.
Macroinvertébrés benthiques et hyphomycètes aquatiques représentent une part importante de la biocénose des cours d'eau de tête de bassin. D'un point de vue écologique, ils participent au recyclage ...du carbone organique à travers leur implication dans certaines fonctions écosystémiques telles que la décomposition de la litière. Ce processus est vital pour les cours d'eau forestiers ou bordés de ripisylve. Si celui-ci est aujourd'hui bien étudié en milieu tempéré, la contribution des deux types de décomposeurs (champignons et invertébrés) reste mal comprise en milieu tropical du fait de la variabilité éco-géographique prononcée de ce biome. Cette thèse qui concernait deux régions de Guinée jusque-là inexplorées, la Guinée Forestière et la Haute-Guinée, avait un double objectif. D'une part, il s'agissait de documenter la diversité taxonomique et trophique des communautés de macroinvertébrés benthiques et la composition des assemblages d'hyphomycètes aquatiques. D'autre part, la thèse visait à caractériser le processus de décomposition de la litière et les communautés de décomposeurs associés, notamment dans une perspective de quantification de la contribution de chacun des deux groupes. Cette dernière étude répondait ainsi à l'hypothèse d'une plus grande importance des décomposeurs fongiques aux faibles latitudes en comparaison des latitudes élevées où l'activité des décomposeurs invertébrés est prépondérante. Une étude exploratoire menée sur 12 rivières a révélé une diversité de 45 taxons correspondant à la faune macrobenthique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, et incluant un nouveau taxon de crustacé pour la Guinée. Les deux régions d'étude se différenciaient dans la composition des groupes trophiques : les déchiqueteurs, essentiellement représentés par les crevettes, étaient dominants dans les cours d'eau de Guinée Forestière, et les racleurs abondaient dans ceux de savane en Haute-Guinée, caractérisés par une faible densité de la végétation riveraine. Par ailleurs, les prélèvements d'eau et d'écume ont décelé la présence de 29 espèces d'hyphomycètes aquatiques. A ces espèces viennent s'ajouter 9 autres identifiées sur les litières lors des expériences de décomposition portant ainsi à 38 le nombre d'espèces identifiées pour la Guinée au cours de cette thèse, dont 12 sont nouvelles pour le continent africain. Les expériences menées dans les deux régions montrent une décomposition rapide, probablement en partie liée à la forte teneur en nutriments des litières, et une faible diversité des décomposeurs associés. Dans les deux cours d'eau temporaires de savane étudiés, les invertébrés associés aux litières étaient absents. Comme une compensation, l'activité des champignons était accrue, lesquels accumulaient une biomasse mycélienne très élevée. La présence de déchiqueteurs potentiels a été notée dans les deux cours d'eau étudiés de Guinée Forestière mais leurs densités étaient faibles. Dans les deux régions, la différence entre les taux de décomposition totale et microbienne était faible, soulignant une importance minime des invertébrés et un rôle majeur des champignons et confirmant notre hypothèse. Il a également été montré au cours de cette thèse que les asséchements des cours d'eau avaient peu d'influence sur le taux de décomposition de la litière. Par ailleurs, une faible diversité des organismes décomposeurs, invertébrés et hyphomycètes aquatiques, ne semble pas altérer le processus de décomposition. Ainsi les lois générales basées sur les facteurs déterminants de la décomposition des litières tels que la qualité du matériel végétal ou un rôle équilibré entre les deux types de décomposeur, ne sont pas nécessairement transposables aux milieux tropicaux. Enfin, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que les conséquences du changement climatique sur le recyclage du carbone organique dans les eaux d'Afrique de l'Ouest, région prédite comme très affectée, pourraient être tempérées par la prédominance d'organismes peu vulnérables.
Benthic macroinvertebrates and aquatic hyphomycetes are major components of the biocenosis of headwater ecosystems. Both of them contribute to essential ecosystem functions like leaf litter decomposition as part of the organic carbon cycling. Such a process is vital for woodland streams or riparian tree-lined rivers. While this process is very well documented for temperate regions, the contribution of both types of decomposers, i.e. fungi and invertebrates, remains poorly understood in the tropics partly due to the large ecogeographic variability prevailing in this biome. The present thesis dealt with two unexplored regions of Guinea (Forested Guinea and Upper Guinea) and was motivated by a double objective. First, it aimed at documenting the taxonomic and trophic diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities together with the composition of aquatic hyphomycete assemblages. The second objective was to characterize leaf litter decomposition and leaf-associated decomposers, particularly in the perspective of quantifying the relative contribution of both decomposer types. The latter study specifically addressed the hypothesis of a greater importance of fungal decomposers at low latitudes compared to higher latitudes where the activity of invertebrate decomposers prevails. An exploratory survey conducted in 12 streams revealed the occurrence of 45 taxa belonging to the macrobenthic fauna of West Africa and including a new genus, Asellus, which completes the list of known crustacean taxa of Guinea. Both regions differed in the importance of the Functional Feeding Groups: shredders, mainly consisting in shrimps, dominated in Forested Guinea whereas scrapers were abundant in the savannah streams of Upper Guinea, which were characterized by scarce riparian vegetation. In stream water and foam, a total of 29 species of aquatic hyphomycetes were identified. Moreover, 9 additional species were found as sporulating on leaves in litter decomposition experiments, which led to a total of 38 species for Guinea with 12 being new for Africa. This thesis thus substantially expanded the list of known species for Africa. The experiments carried out in both regions showed a fast leaf litter decomposition, likely partly due to the high nutrient contents in litter, and a low diversity of leaf-associated decomposers. In the two studied temporary savannah streams, no leaf-associated invertebrates occurred. The latter was apparently compensated by a strong fungal activity as illustrated by very high mycelial biomass accrual. In the two studied streams of Forested Guinea, the occurrence of Caridina africana (Atyidae crustacean) as potential shredder could explain the leaf mass loss due to invertebrates, even though their density remained low. In both regions, the discrepancies between total and microbial decomposition rates were weak, highlighting a minute contribution of invertebrates and a major role of fungi thus supporting our hypothesis. The present results suggest that droughts resulted in low effects on the rate of leaf decomposition. Furthermore, leaf decomposition did not seem to be affected by the poor diversity of decomposers, i.e. invertebrates and aquatic hyphomycetes. Overall, the principles of leaf decomposition control by factors like the quality of leaf litter and the balanced involvement of both decomposer types do not appear to be fully applicable to tropical environments. Finally, the findings of this thesis suggest that the consequences of climatic change on the cycling of organic carbon in the aquatic ecosystems of West Africa, i.e. a region predicted to be particularly affected, could be mitigated by the dominance of organisms exhibiting a low vulnerability.
This study investigated microbial biomass-N (MB-N) and N-mineralization in soils of four different vegetation systems including forest, mixed forest, savanna and cropland ecosystems in the Vindhyan ...region, India. A change was noted due to physiographic differences and anthropogenic disturbances. Annually the soil moisture (SM) content across the different study sites ranged from 7.5 to 24.3% being maximum in forest sites compared to savanna and cropland sites. The NH4+-N, NO-3-N and MB-N concentrations varied from 4.3 to 10.2 microg/g, 1.1 to 5.8 microg/g and 21.3 to 90.2 microg/g dry soil, respectively, with minimum values in the wet and maximum values in the dry season. The trend of seasonal variation in net N-mineralization was similar to that of moisture content but counter to the concentrations of inorganic-N and MB-N. The net N-mineralization rates at different investigated sites ranged from 4.5 to 37.6 microg/g month. Cultivation reduced the N-mineralization and MB-N by 58.5% and 63.5%, respectively. The percentage contribution of MB-N to total-N was 8.01 to 19.15%. MB-N was positively correlated with the inorganic-N but negatively with soil moisture and net N-mineralization rates. The order of soil MB-N levels and net N-mineralization followed the sequence: forest more than mixed forest more than savanna more than cropland.
Kielmeyera coriacea Mart., known as "pau-santo", is mentioned in the literature as the main tree species which produces cork of the Brazilian Cerrado. The purpose of this study was to describe the ...morphological aspect of Kielmeyera coriacea ("pau-santo") cork cells through its microscopic structure and to compare it with the cellular morphology of Quercus suber (cork oak), which is the main cork producing species worldwide. The bark from three trees of the species Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. was collected randomly at points 1.30 m above the ground, with four repetitions per sample. Samples came from native stands situated in the region of Luminárias - MG, Brazil. The study of morphological characteristics was conducted by counting the number of sides of the cells, and measuring the dimensions of the cells from images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Images were analyzed using the LEOUIF software. The distribution in faces and edges of cork cells from Kielmeyera coriacea, was observed to have from 4 to 8 sides, with a predominance of hexagonal cells, similar to Quercus suber. The averages of height and thickness of the cell walls were 40 to 70 µm and 1.5 to 2.0 µm respectively, indicating cells from an early growth season. Both height and thickness were observed to be greater than those present in Quercus suber.
A Kielmeyera coriacea Mart., conhecida popularmente como "pau-santo", é mencionada na literatura como principal espécie arbórea do Cerrado brasileiro produtora de cortiça. Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de descrever o aspecto morfológico das células da cortiça de Kielmeyera coriacea (pau-santo), por meio da estrutura microscópica e comparar com a morfologia celular do Quercus suber (sobreiro), a principal espécie mundial produtora de cortiça. Foram coletadas, aleatoriamente, cortiça de 3 árvores, na posição do diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo, com 4 repetições por amostra, provenientes de povoamentos nativos, localizados no município de Luminárias - MG, Brasil. O estudo das características morfológicas foi realizado pela contagem dos lados e de mensurações das células, utilizando o software LEOUIF nas imagens obtidas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). As células de cortiça da Kielmeyera coriacea Mart., em relação à distribuição de poligonidade, apresentaram 4; 5; 6; 7 e 8 lados, com predominância de células hexagonais, similares as da espécie de Quercus suber. A altura e espessura médias das paredes das células foi de 40 a 70 µm e 1,5 a 2,0 µm, respectivamente, este último indicando células de início de estação. Tanto a altura quanto a espessura médias foram superiores quando comparadas ao Quercus suber.
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