Una din recomandǎrile Convenţiei privind navigaţia pe Dunǎre, semnatǎ la Belgrad în 1948, a fost aceea ca radioul public al ţǎrilor riverane sǎ difuzeze zilnic, în francezǎ, românǎ şi rusǎ, cotele ...apelor Dunǎrii, probabil cea mai longevivǎ emisiune a postului naţional de radio. În pǎdurile private, cu excepţia celor cu rol de fixare a nisipurilor, era posibilǎ chiar şi defrişarea, motiv pentru care mare parte din aceste pǎduri au fost tǎiate în perioada rǎzboiului. Marian Drǎgoi Universitatea "Ştefan cel Mare" din Suceava, Facultatea de Silviculturǎ Comisiunea regimului apelor Dunǎrii Cu ocaziunea negocierilor de pace dela Neuilly, cari au avut loc în lunile Ianuarie, Februarie şi Martie 1920, delegaţii guvernului Ungar au cerut şi puterile aliate şi asociate au aprobat, ca la Capitolul III referitor la regimul apelor din Tratatul dela Trianon, încheiat la 4 Iunie 1920, sǎ se adaoge articolele 292 şi 293, a cǎror cuprindere este urmǎtoarea: ARTICOLUL 292 "Afarǎ de dispoziţiuni contrare când, în urma trasǎrii unei noui fruntarii, regimul apelor (canaluri, inundaţiuni, irigaţiuni, drenaj sau lucrǎri analoage) dintr 'un Stat, depinde de lucrǎri executate pe teritoriul unui alt Stat, sau când se întrebuinţeazǎ pe teritoriul unui Stat, în virtutea unor uzuri anterioare rǎsboiului, ape sau energii hidraulice nǎscute pe teritoriul unui alt Stat, trebuie sǎ se stabileascǎ o înţelegere între Statele interesate, aşa încât sǎ se pǎstreze interesele şi drepturile dobândite de fiecare din ele. " Aceastǎ Comisiune va trebui sǎ întocmeascǎ încheierea, supraveghierea şi în caz de urgenţǎ, sǎ asigure, executarea înţelegerilor prevǎzute la art. 292; ea va trebui sǎ menţie şi sǎ îmbunǎtǎţeascǎ, în special în ceeace priveşte împǎdurirea şi despǎdurirea, unitatea regimului apelor, precum şi serviciile, relative la acestea, ca serviciul hidrometric şi
O padrão de distribuição espacial de espécies arbóreas é um dos fatores de relevante importância para o entendimento das relações ecológicas ocorridas em uma população ou comunidade florestal, ...possibilitando a compreensão de como determinada espécie utiliza dos recursos disponíveis para se estabelecer e reproduzir em determinado espaço. A interpretação dos resultados das análises espaciais de espécies arbóreas fornece subsídios para o entendimento desses fenômenos e indicação de indivíduos para programas de conservação genética e fomento florestal. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi subsidiar a coleta de sementes para conservação ex situ de seis populações naturais de baru (D. alata), com base na distribuição espacial, utilizando o Índice de Moran associado a um sistema de informação geográfica e estatística descritiva de seus caracteres silviculturais. As populações estão localizadas nos municípios de Paulo de Faria/SP, Campina Verde/MG, Ituiutaba/MG, Brasilândia/MS, Campo Grande/MS e Itarumã/GO. Todas as populações tiveram crescimento superior a 45 cm em relação a variável DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito). Levando em consideração que o DAP tem maior correlação dendrocronológica, a idade estimada dessas populações naturais estaria no intervalo de 40 a 63 anos. Com base nos valores de Índice de Moran, as populações de Ituiutaba e Itarumã, por apresentarem padrão de distribuição espacial aleatório, com alta variabilidade entre seus indivíduos, são preferencialmente indicadas para a coleta de sementes em programa de conservação ex situ da espécie.
A luat parte la 21 octombrie 1918 la consfătuirea reprezentanţilor Bucovinei şi Transilvaniei ce a avut loc în hotelul „Rezidenz" din capitala Austriei, unde, fiind pus în discuţie manifestul ...împăratului Carol, prin care dădea popoarelor din Imperiul Austro-Ungar dreptul de a se constitui în state naţionale, s-a hotărât că era timpul oportun ca toate provinciile locuite de români să se unească în cadrul unui singur stat naţional. In the book „Members of the Romanian National Council from Bucovina elected at the Constituent Assembly of October 27, 1918" are presented biographies of the members of the Romanian National Council from Bucovina. Between the portraits of the 50 persons chosen in RNC there are also those of forest engineers (Sârbu Gheorghe, Ţurcan Aurel, Ţurcan Dimitrie), having each - and all together - a major contribution to the realization of the big dream - the Union. Cezar Straton (cezarstraton@yahoo.com) - National Forest Department, Suceava Forest Directorate, 1st May no. 6 Av., 720224 Suceava.
Os caráteres silviculturais passaram a ter importância no entendimento do processo sucessional e de distribuição das espécies arbóreas e no planejamento de recomposição da paisagem. O objetivo do ...trabalho foi avaliar os caráteres silviculturais e a distribuição espacial de espécies arbóreas, em áreas com diferentes níveis de antropização para integrar programa de conservação genética in situ. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em área da Fazenda Experimental de Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP de Ilha Solteira, município de Selvíria-MS. Por meio de transecto foram demarcadas 64 parcelas equidistantes de 50 m com dimensões de 10 x 10 m, sendo: 29 parcelas em área altamente antropizada; cinco em área medianamente antropizada; 15 em área pouco antropizada (APA); seis na mata ciliar do córrego da Véstia e nove na Reserva legal. Avaliou-se altura, diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), forma, e a autocorrelação espacial. Conclui-se que: o nível de antropização e conservação das áreas influenciam a ocorrência natural, diversidade de espécies e desenvolvimento dos indivíduos arbóreos; a altura, DAP e forma são bons indicadores para avaliar o crescimento das espécies arbóreas; a APA e a Reserva legal apresentam maior ocorrência natural, número de indivíduos e número de espécies; na Mata ciliar os valores de área basal, altura e forma são superiores. Por não apresentar estruturação em nenhuma das classes de distâncias, pertinente ao estudo de distribuição espacial, a espécie mais indicada para integrar a um programa de conservação genética in situ é Astronium fraxinifolium.
With an increasing pressure on forested landscapes, conservation areas may fail to maintain biodiversity if they are not supported by the surrounding managed forest matrix. Worldwide, forests are ...managed by one of two broad approaches—even‐ and uneven‐aged silviculture. In recent decades, there has been rising public pressure against the systematic use of even‐aged silviculture (especially clear‐cutting) because of its perceived negative esthetic and ecological impacts. This led to an increased interest for uneven‐aged silviculture. However, to date, there has been no worldwide ecological comparison of the two approaches, based on multiple indicators. Overall, for the 99 combinations of properties or processes verified (one study may have evaluated more than one property or process), we found nineteen (23) combinations that clearly showed uneven‐aged silviculture improved the evaluated metrics compared to even‐aged silviculture, eleven (16) combinations that showed the opposite, and 60 combinations that were equivocal. Furthermore, many studies were based on a limited study design without either a timescale (44 of the 76) or spatial (54 of the 76) scale consideration. Current views that uneven‐aged silviculture is better suited than even‐aged silviculture for maintaining ecological diversity and processes are not substantiated by our analyses. Our review, by studying a large range of indicators and many different taxonomic groups, also clearly demonstrates that no single approach can be relied on and that both approaches are needed to ensure a greater number of positive impacts. Moreover, the review clearly highlights the importance of maintaining protected areas as some taxonomic groups were found to be negatively affected no matter the management approach used. Finally, our review points to a lack of knowledge for determining the use of even‐ or uneven‐aged silviculture in terms of both their respective proportion in the landscape and their spatial agency.
We reviewed 76 papers worldwide that compared the two approaches regarding their effects on species/structural diversity and ecological processes. Current views that uneven‐aged silviculture is better suited than even‐aged silviculture for maintaining ecological diversity and processes are not substantiated by our analyses.
Com o surgimento de áreas degradadas, os atributos físicos do solo e os caracteres silviculturais, passaram a ter importância quanto ao entendimento do processo sucessional das espécies arbóreas e no ...planejamento da recomposição. Objetivou-se avaliar a distribuição natural de espécies arbóreas em áreas com diferentes níveis de antropização, relacionando-os aos atributos físicos do solo. O projeto foi conduzido no município de Selvíria - MS. Foram demarcadas 64 parcelas, onde coletaram-se amostras de solo em quatro profundidades para análise física do solo e avaliaram-se os caracteres silviculturais, como altura, diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) e forma. Verificaram-se diferenças na ocupação florestal, diversidade de espécies e desenvolvimento dos indivíduos arbóreos, em função do nível de antropização, estado de conservação das áreas e dos atributos físicos do solo. Quanto mais isolada a área, maior a ocupação florestal, haja vista a área pouco antropizada (APA – revegetada) e a Reserva legal, que apresentaram valores de número de indivíduos e número de espécies por parcela, superiores às demais áreas. A mata ciliar apresenta valores de área basal, altura e forma, superiores às demais áreas, entretanto, os valores de macroporosidade do solo foram inferiores, quando comparados às demais áreas. Em função da presença de vegetação e das condições dos atributos físicos do solo, nas diversas áreas estudadas, seis espécies arbóreas têm potencial para um programa de conservação genética in situ: Astronium fraxinifolium, Terminalia argentea, Curatella americana, Cupania vernalis, Qualea jundiahy e Andira cuyabensis. Entre as espécies, a C. americana pode ser considerada como espécie nucleadora.
•Afforestation of former croplands increases soil C stocks, but stocks are unchanged or reduced in former grasslands and peatlands.•Removal of biomass through harvesting, herbivory or removal of ...residue or fuelwood reduce soil C stocks, in accordance with the intensity of removal.•Nitrogen addition through fertilization or inclusion of N-fixing plants consistently increases soil C stocks across a wide range of forest ecosystems.•Tree species identity has a stronger impact on soil C stocks than tree species diversity.•Stand density management and thinning have small effects on forest soil C stocks.•Additional long-term field experiments are needed, particularly in ecosystems other than north-temperate and boreal forests.
Almost half of the total organic carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems is stored in forest soils. By altering rates of input or release of C from soils, forest management activities can influence soil C stocks in forests. In this review, we synthesize current evidence regarding the influences of 13 common forest management practices on forest soil C stocks. Afforestation of former croplands generally increases soil C stocks, whereas on former grasslands and peatlands, soil C stocks are unchanged or even reduced following afforestation. The conversion of primary forests to secondary forests generally reduces soil C stocks, particularly if the land is converted to an agricultural land-use prior to reforestation. Harvesting, particularly clear-cut harvesting, generally results in a reduction in soil C stocks, particularly in the forest floor and upper mineral soil. Removal of residues by harvesting whole-trees and stumps negatively affects soil C stocks. Soil disturbance from site preparation decreases soil C stocks, particularly in the organic top soil, however improved growth of tree seedlings may outweigh soil C losses over a rotation. Nitrogen (N) addition has an overall positive effect on soil C stocks across a wide range of forest ecosystems. Likewise, higher stocks and faster accumulation of soil C occur under tree species with N-fixing associates. Stocks and accumulation rates of soil C also differ under different tree species, with coniferous species accumulating more C in the forest floor and broadleaved species tending to store more C in the mineral soil. There is some evidence that increased tree species diversity could positively affect soil C stocks in temperate and subtropical forests, but tree species identity, particularly N-fixing species, seems to have a stronger impact on soil C stocks than tree species diversity. Management of stand density and thinning have small effects on forest soil C stocks. In forests with high populations of ungulate herbivores, reduction in herbivory levels can increase soil C stocks. Removal of plant biomass for fodder and fuel is related to a reduction in the soil C stocks. Fire management practices such as prescribed burning reduce soil C stocks, but less so than wildfires which are more intense. For each practice, we identify existing gaps in knowledge and suggest research to address the gaps.
Focused on forest management and governance, this book examines two decades of experience with Adaptive Collaborative Management (ACM), assessing both its uses and improvements needed to address ...global environmental issues. The volume argues that the activation and the empowerment of local peoples are critical to addressing current environmental challenges and that this must be enhanced by linking and extending such stewardship to global and national policymakers and actors on a broader scale. This can be achieved by employing ACM’s participatory approach, characterized by conscious efforts among stakeholders to communicate, collaborate, negotiate and seek out opportunities to learn collectively about the impacts of their action. The case studies presented here reflect decades of experience working with forest communities in three Indonesian Islands and four African countries. Researchers and practitioners who participated in CIFOR’s early ACM work had the rare opportunity to return to their research sites decades later to see what has happened. These authors reflect critically on their own experience and local site conditions to glean insights that guide us in more effectively addressing climate change and other forest-related challenges. They showcase how global and regional actors will have to work more closely with smallholders, Indigenous Peoples and local communities, recognizing the key local roles in forest stewardship. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars and practitioners working in the fields of conservation, forest management, community development, natural resource management and development studies more broadly.
Maximizing initial aboveground woody biomass (AGB) accumulation in order to obtain early payments for carbon stocking is essential for the financial viability of reforestation programs fostered by ...climate mitigation efforts. Intensive silviculture, i.e., silviculture traditionally used in commercial forestry to maximize productivity and gains, has recently been advocated as a promising approach to enhance AGB accumulation in restoration plantations. However, this approach may hamper natural forest regeneration and ecological succession due to high competition between colonizing plants and planted trees. We investigated the impacts of different silvicultural treatments applied to restoration plantations with 20 native tree species on AGB accumulation and spontaneous regeneration of native woody species in an experiment set up in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Intensive silviculture demonstrated a remarkable potential to enhance AGB accumulation in restoration plantations by increasing up to three times the AGB of tree stands (from ∼25 to 75 Mg/ha in the 12th year). Intensive fertilization/weed control enhanced AGB accumulation, while higher tree density and the proportion of pioneers did not have a significant effect on AGB over the time. In spite of higher costs (cost increase of 13–19%), the cost-effectiveness for AGB accumulation of intensive silviculture was comparable to that of traditional silviculture applied to restoration (US$50–100/Mg AGB for 3 × 2 m spacing). Contrary to our expectations, we did not find a trade-off between AGB accumulation by planted trees and the spontaneous regeneration of tree species, since intensive silviculture enhanced the regeneration of both planted (total of 12 species) and colonizing woody species (total of 30 species) in the plantation understory. Specifically, a strong association was found between AGB stocks and the abundance and richness of colonizing species, a vast majority of which (90% of species and 95% of individuals) were dispersed by animals. We report a case of positive correlation between AGB stocking and woody species regeneration in the restoration of the Atlantic Forest. Fostering the establishment and maintenance of restoration tree plantations can, in some cases, be a win-win strategy for climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation in human-modified tropical landscapes.
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