Barriers to democracy Jamal, Amaney A
2009., 20090706, 2009, 2007, 2007-01-01, 20070101
eBook
Democracy-building efforts from the early 1990s on have funneled billions of dollars into nongovernmental organizations across the developing world, with the U.S. administration of George W. Bush ...leading the charge since 2001. But are many such "civil society" initiatives fatally flawed? Focusing on the Palestinian West Bank and the Arab world,Barriers to Democracymounts a powerful challenge to the core tenet of civil society initiatives: namely, that public participation in private associations necessarily yields the sort of civic engagement that, in turn, sustains effective democratic institutions. Such assertions tend to rely on evidence from states that are democratic to begin with. Here, Amaney Jamal investigates the role of civic associations in promoting democratic attitudes and behavioral patterns in contexts that are less than democratic.
Jamal argues that, in state-centralized environments, associations can just as easily promote civic qualities vital to authoritarian citizenship--such as support for the regime in power. Thus, any assessment of the influence of associational life on civic life must take into account political contexts, including the relationships among associations, their leaders, and political institutions.
Barriers to Democracyboth builds on and critiques the multifaceted literature that has emerged since the mid-1990s on associational life and civil society. By critically examining associational life in the West Bank during the height of the Oslo Peace Process (1993-99), and extending her findings to Morocco, Egypt, and Jordan, Jamal provides vital new insights into a timely issue.
What role did women play in the pre-industrial European economy? Was it brought about by biology, culture, social institutions, or individual choices? And what were its consequences - for women, for ...men, for society at large? Women were key to the changes in the European economy between 1600 and 1800 that paved the way for industrialization. But we still know little about this female 'shadow economy' - and nothing quantitative or systematic. This book tackles these questions in a new way. It uses a unique micro-level database and rich qualitative sources to illuminate women's contribution to a particular pre-industrial economy: the German state of Wurttemberg, which was in many ways typical of early modern Europe. Markets expanded here between 1600 and 1800, opening opportunities outside the household for both women and men. But they were circumscribed by strong 'social networks' - local communities and rural guilds with state support. Modern political scientists have praised social networks for generating 'social capital' - shared norms and collective sanctions which benefit network insiders, and sometimes the whole society. But this book reveals the dark side of 'social capital': insiders excluded and harmed outsiders, especially women, to the detriment of the economy at large. Early modern European economies differed widely in their restrictions on the role of women. But the monocausal approaches (technological, cultural, institutional) that dominate the existing literature cannot explain these differences. This book proposes an alternative approach driven by the decision individual women themselves made as they negotiated a wide array of constraints and pressures (including technological, cultural, and institutional ones). We are not only brought closer to the 'bitter living' pre-industrial women scraped together , but find out how it came to be so bitter, and how restrictions on women inflicted a bitter living on everyone. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/history/9780198205548/toc.html
El Tercer Sector de Acción Social (TSAS) ha experimentado un significativo crecimiento pasando de ocupar una posición institucional residual a otra de mayor centralidad en los sistemas de bienestar ...europeos. Esta expansión del TSAS ha transcurrido en las últimas cuatro décadas en paralelo a la reconstrucción de la sociedad civil y a la multiplicación de las demandas sociales en un contexto de recalibración permanente de los Estados de Bienestar. La progresiva conformación de un sistema descentralizado y mixto basado en una estructura triangular en la producción del bienestar (Estado, mercado y Tercer Sector) también ha contribuido a potenciar el papel del Tercer Sector dentro de las políticas sociales públicas.
Neste trabalho avalia-se o grau de conhecimento da população de Parauapebas – maior município minerador do estado do Pará – sobre o recebimento da Compensação Financeira pela exploração de recursos ...minerais (CFEM) e sobre as compensações ambientais obrigatórias a serem desenvolvidas pelas mineradoras, além de captar o grau de pertencimento territorial da população da cidade. A proposta é confirmar a hipótese de que os habitantes da cidade, apesar do elevado grau de dependência econômica da mineração, ainda não conhecem aspectos legais inerentes a atividade e possuem baixo grau de pertencimento territorial. Para isso foram realizados dois levantamentos: um com 1.000 e outro com 1.024 habitantes da cidade para a geração de dois indicadores referentes ao conhecimento sobre mineração e pertencimento territorial. Foi comprovado que a população de Parauapebas possui, em sua maioria, um baixo grau de conhecimento sobre aspectos legais de recebimento de CFEM e compensações ambientais, assim como existe um baixo grau de engajamento da população nas atividades ligadas a gestão e cuidado do município, tais como audiências públicas e participação nas eleições. Isso evidencia um baixo grau de pertencimento com a cidade e esses dois problemas refletem na formação do capital social, visto que o panorama é de uma população de município minerador que não entende sobre mineração e que se manifesta pouco em termos de participação cívica na gestão da cidade.
La crisis en el sector de los medios de comunicación ha propiciado la emergencia de nuevos modelos periodísticos. En los últimos años ha surgido en el sistema mediático un número cada vez mayor de ...proyectos que buscan aprovechar el capital social y simbólico, y cultivar la lealtad tanto de los empleados como de la audiencia (Wagemans, Witschge y Deuze, 2016). Este artículo analiza El Diario (eldiario.es) y El Confidencial (elconfidencial.com). Para la investigación se han empleado métodos cualitativos que implican la observación in situ en sus salas de redacción y entrevistas semiestructuradas con sus periodistas y editores. Los resultados indican que ambos se ven a sí mismos como proveedores de noticias alternativos, cuyo énfasis en la investigación está marcando la diferencia con otros medios. Sin embargo, mientras eldiario.es recurre en gran medida al capital simbólico de su fundador Ignacio Escolar, El Confidencial, ha invertido principalmente en su capital social.
Sosyal sermayenin temel belirleyicilerinden birisi toplumdaki bireylerin hem birbirine karşı, hem de devlete karşı duydukları güvenin derecesidir. Birey ve devlet arasındaki baǧın güçlenmesi ve ...yabancılaşma sürecini yavaşlatması bakımından mali yerelleşmenin gelişmesinin de güven üzerinde belirgin bir etkiye sahip olduǧu kabul edilmektedir. Buna baǧlı olarak çalışmada 18 OECD ülkesi için 2011-2020 yılları arasındaki güven endeks deǧerleri ve mali yerelleşmeye ilişkin yıllık verileri kullanılarak ikili logit model analizi uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda harcama yönünde mali yerelleşmenin artmasının devlete olan güveni arttırdıǧı tespit edilmiştir.
The sector of the printing industry is the one that facilitates the communication of messages, through different media, due to the technological changes of the 80s and 90s and the development of new ...media, the printing industry has undergone and continues to undergo revolutionary changes. ...this research aims to identify the theoretical dimensions that make up social capital to promote business innovation in the graphic sector. ...the research proposes innovation as a cross-cutting axis, which is constituted as a foundation for the practice or application of networks knowledge and standards. Innovation as a cross-cutting axis is thus the basis for the practice of social capital by integrating the components. Introducción A nivel organizaciona!, se entiende como capital social a los recursos tangibles e intangibles de una empresa, los cuales son una herramienta que permite mejorar procesos, disminuir el índice de fracaso, consolidar las relaciones comerciales y alcanzar un alto nivel de aprendizaje del negocio; este, además, contribuye a mejorar las interacciones entre los miembros de los equipos, intercambiar los conocimientos e innovar, así lo definen varios autores como Zheng (2010), Asamoah et al. Mientras que, el capital social relational se refiere a los activos generados por las relaciones basadas en el respeto, la amistad y la confianza. (2014) considera que la presencia o ausencia de capital social influye en las aspiraciones y el desempeño del empresario, así como en la naturaleza del negocio.
Reseña bibliográfica de: Nadal Egea, A. (2020). Pensar fuera de la caja: la economía mexicana y sus posibles alternativas. México: CEPAL. El trabajo es de acceso libre y se puede obtener en la ...siguiente dirección electrónica: https://repositorio.cepal.org/handle/11362/45550
Social capital and the generation of technological innovations in Ecuadorian companies Abstract: The objective of this research is to analyze social capital in the generation of technological ...innovations in Ecuadorian companies. The results point to the existence of an influence of social capital in the creation of technological innovations in companies. ...the importance of the networks and the links that are managed strategically in the sectors are highlighted. Keywords: Innovation, Technology, Social Capital 1.Introducción El actual contexto por el que atraviesan los diferentes países, las empresas a modo general, carecen de conocimientos y capacidades específicas, en relación a la capacidad de innovar, participar en cooperación, desarrollar capacidades de gestión del cambio para adaptarse, de modo que les permitan a éstas estimular el crecimiento y la supervivencia (Mattsson y Orfila-Sintes, 2014).
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