The space-time frame of the study is located in France, from the Guérande peninsula to the island of Ré, between the fourteenth and the eighteenth century. Sensitive and brittle, this area is ...regularly battered by violent winds. It also undergoes episodic sea flooding that can cause ruptures of balance. This research offers to query the notion of social and territorial vulnerability to the crises caused by exceptional events in history. On this purpose, we firstly examined and identified the hazards. The choice was made to mainly focus on those related to the wind (storms) and the sea (coastal flooding). We then studied the impacts of these phenomena on medieval and modern coastal societies and analyzed their perceptions and reactions. This approach allowed to simultaneously address and consider the vulnerability and the adaptability of ancient coastal populations, especially through the memory storage process, the risk awareness, the development of prevention, etc. Thinking the concept of vulnerability in a long time consideration forces the historian to position himself at the crossroads between natural factors, mental perceptions, territory management and political decisions.
The intention of this study was to develop an understanding of the views of the public on, first, what the objective(s) of society's reaction to crime should be and, second, how different types of ...sanctions are perceived as being able to fulfil these objectives. A thematic analysis was conducted on the basis of transcripts of group interviews. The participants argued that society's reaction should signal condemnation of the crime and at the same time be beneficial in relation to the resocialization of the offender. Sanctions that were perceived to fulfil the signalling of condemnation, i.e. tangible custodial sanctions, were described as being counter-productive in relation to the resocialization of the offender. On the other hand, the signal of caring for the offender was perceived as having a neutralizing effect on the signal of condemnation. For the objective of society's reaction to be fulfilled it thus has to give the illusion of being tangible and harsh but at the same time, in reality, must serve as an effective, lasting deterrent to the offender. It is suggested that the contradictions and tensions surrounding the objectives of society's reaction to crime, and the issue of how these contradictions might be considered when framing crime policy, should be opened up as a matter for discussion in the public debate.
The work is devoted to pilot modeling of the reaction of society to technogenic and biological sudden environmental influences. For the description, the methodology of the socio-technical landscape ...is used, which reflects the development of certain social practices in the digital and technical environments. At the bifurcation points of the evolution of the socio-technical landscape, the phenomena of the "Black Swan" and "Boomerang Blow" arise - a powerful impulse effect on the landscape. There is an urgent problem of predicting reaction reactions. The aim of the work is the development and pilot study of a self-organizing algorithm of structural-parametric identification of transients. Impacts of a technical and biological nature are considered as objects of research: the development of the use of artificial intelligence and computer technology in medicine and the spread of COVID 19. Models for countries: UK, Russia and Uzbekistan are given. It is shown that the reaction of the sociotechnical landscape is acceptable described by homogeneous differential equations of the second degree with a complex exponentially harmonic function on the right side. The most adequate mathematical models are given. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant # 19-18-00504.
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