Software architecture degrades when changes violating the design-time architectural intents are imposed on the software throughout its life cycle. Such phenomenon is called architecture erosion. When ...changes are not controlled, erosion makes maintenance harder and negatively affects software evolution.
To study the effects of architecture erosion on a large software project and determine whether search-based module clustering might reduce the conceptual distance between the current architecture and the design-time one.
To run an exploratory study with Apache Ant. First, we characterize Ant’s evolution in terms of size, change dispersion, cohesion, and coupling metrics, highlighting the potential introduction of architecture and code-level problems that might affect the cost of changing the system. Then, we reorganize the distribution of Ant’s classes using a heuristic search approach, intending to re-emerge its design-time architecture.
In characterizing the system, we observed that its original, simple design was lost due to maintenance and the addition of new features. In optimizing its architecture, we found that current models used to drive search-based software module clustering produce complex designs, which maximize the characteristics driving optimization while producing class distributions that would hardly be acceptable to developers maintaining Ant.
The structural perspective promoted by the coupling and cohesion metrics precludes observing the adequate software module clustering from the perspective of software engineers when considering a large open source system. Our analysis adds evidence to the criticism of the dogma of driving design towards high cohesion and low coupling, at the same time observing the need for better models to drive design decisions. Apart from that, we see SBSE as a learning tool, allowing researchers to test Software Engineering models in extreme situations that would not be easily found in software projects.
Software module clustering problem is an important and challenging problem in software reverse engineering whose main goal is to obtain a good modular structure of the software system. The large ...complex software system can be divided into some subsystems that are easy to understand and maintain through the software module clustering. Aiming at solving the problem of slow convergence speed, the poor clustering result, and the complex algorithm, a software module clustering algorithm using probability selection is proposed. Firstly, we convert the software system into complex network diagram, and then we use the operation of merger, adjustment and optimization to get the software module clustering scheme. To evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm, a set of experiments was performed on 5 real-world module clustering problems. The comparison of the experimental results proves the simplicity of the algorithm as well as the low time complexity and fast convergence speed. This algorithm provides a simple and effective engineering method for software module clustering problem.
The paper describes the software module development for the processing of the experimental data obtained during the tests of running machines with the metal-concrete basic components. To develop the ...software module, an integrated block algorithm based on the method of computing the machine bed oscillation decrement is proposed. The module allows computing the damping decrement and filing a report according to user-preferred testing result files. The test data for thirteen machines has been processed in the developed module. As a result, a set of report files forming a summary table has been derived. The table data are analyzed and interpreted at the end of the paper.
This article deals with a practical task of choosing a tool during operation of high speed machining and suggests solving it by means of a software module for automated abrasive tool selection– ...grinding wheel. The article presents an algorithm, based on the method taking into account main interrelations and logic of high speed machining processes. The algorithm is implemented in source environment Microsoft Visual C#, resulting in operating software application. The article includes an example of using this software application and its effect: increasing high speed machining effectiveness and decreasing the time of production preparation.
The aim of this work was to design and implement the application of visual acuity evaluation for the eye center information system. The application was designed for Android Operating System (OS) and ...was programmed in Android Studio. This work also deals with the implementation of the application, from the design of the user interface, through the creation and configuration of the project in Android Studio to the functionality of individual screens and connection with the back-end.
This paper presents the results of workflow automation as a solution for Annual Plans for the Development of Mining Operations preparation at Uralkali PJSC’s. An annual plan specifies areas for the ...development of mining operations, mineral output, mine preparation work, throughput of mineral raw materials, conservation of mineral resources, balanced and comprehensive use of raw materials, and safe operation. This technical document was mainly prepared by specialists from mining, geology, and survey departments, and thus the dedicated software tools for such services were implemented within the developed software modules on mining operations planning. The developed set of software modules for Annual Plans for the Development of Mining Operations feature the following functions: preparation and analysis of input data (design data, production output planned figures, standards and guidelines, mineral management license conditions, etc.); analysis of actual and expected indicators of mining work performance for the period preceding a planned year; determination of planned indicators of mining work performance (the optimised parameters of the mining system, mineral output, amount of mine preparation and backfilling operations); specification of the target performance of mechanical equipment and allocation of mechanical equipment during mining operations; identification of planned loss and depletion of minerals for each mining unit; use of the geological environment and mine workings 3D-models for optimised the mine workings arrangement; creation and pre-print preparation of tables, plots and text documents as a part of Annual Plans for the Development of Mining Operations.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the standard neuroimaging method to diagnose neoplastic brain lesions, as well as to perform stereotactic biopsy surgical planning. MRI has the advantage of ...providing structural anatomical details with high sensitivity, though histological specificity is limited. Although combining MRI with other imaging modalities, such as positron-emission tomography (PET), has proven to increment specificity, exact correlation between PET threshold uptake ratios (URs) and histological diagnosis and grading has not yet been described.
The aim of this study was to correlate exactly the histopathological criteria of the biopsy site to its PET uptake value with high spatial resolution (mm(3)), and to analyze the diagnostic value of PET using the amino acid O-(2-(18)Ffluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ((18)F-FET) PET in patients with newly diagnosed brain lesions in comparison to histological findings obtained from stereotactic serial biopsy.
A total of 23 adult patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors on MRI were enrolled in this study. Subsequently to diagnoses, all patients underwent a (18)F-FET PET-guided stereotactic biopsy, using an original newly developed software module, which is presented here. Conventional MRI, stereotactic computed tomography series, and (18)F-FET PET images were semiautomatically fused, and hot-spot detection was performed for target planning. UR was determined using the uptake value from the biopsy sites in relation to the contralateral frontal white matter. UR values ≥1.6 were considered positive for glioma. High-grade glioma (HGG) was suspected with URs ≥3.0, while low-grade glioma (LGG) was suspected with URs between 1.6 and 3.0. Stereotactic serial biopsies along the trajectory at multiple sites were performed in millimeter steps, and the FET URs for each site were correlated exactly with a panel of 27 different histopathological markers. Comparisons between FET URs along the biopsy trajectories and the histological diagnoses were made with Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. Analysis of variance was performed to test for significant differences in maximum UR between different tumor grades.
A total of 363 biopsy specimens were taken from 23 patients by stereotactic serial biopsies. Histological examination revealed eight patients (35%) with an LGG: one with a World Health Organization (WHO)-I lesion and seven with a WHO-II lesion. Thirteen (57%) patients revealed an HGG (two with a WHO-III and three with a WHO-IV tumor), and two patients (9%) showed a process that was neither HGG nor LGG (group X or no-grade group). The correlation matrix between histological findings and the UR revealed five strong correlations. Low cell density in tissue samples was found to have a significant negative correlation with the measured cortical uptake rate (r=-0.43, P=0.02), as well as moderate cell density (r=-0.48, P=0.02). Pathological patterns of proliferation (r=0.37, P=0.04), GFAP (r=0.37, P=0.04), and Olig2 (r=0.36, P=0.05) showed a significant positive correlation with cortical URs. Analysis of variance tests showed a significant difference between the LGG and the HGG groups (F=8.27, P<0.002), but no significant differences when differentiating between the X group and the HGG (P=0.2)/LGG (P=0.8) groups, nor between the no-grade group and the WHO-I group.
(18)F-FET PET is a valuable tool, as it allows the differentiation of HGGs from LGGs. Its use is not limited to preoperative evaluation; it may also refine biopsy targeting and improve tumor delimitation for radiotherapy. Histology is still necessary, and remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of brain lesions.
► Human-in-the-loop feedback, body weight support and guidance force control methods to guide individuals’ participation. ► Method for estimation of the individuals’ participation respecting passive ...resistance of the lower limbs. ► Cardiovascular assessment by using breath-by-breath cardiopulmonary monitoring system and a heart rate monitoring module. ► Physiological feedback control of heart rate, oxygen uptake and metabolic work rate. ► Experimental evaluation with healthy able-bodied subjects, and subjects with moderate to severe stroke.
A new software module for cardiovascular rehabilitation in robotics-assisted treadmill exercise is described; it is designed to evaluate and improve aerobic capacity for individuals with different neurological diseases.
The Lokomat device was used in conjunction with a breath-by-breath cardiopulmonary monitoring system and a heart rate monitoring module to quantify the subjects’ exercise intensity and capacity, managed by the new software module.
The intensity of the individuals’ exercise participation was estimated by a novel method which respects passive stiffness of the lower limbs and was guided by a custom human-in-the-loop feedback control system. Severely affected individuals’ participation was controlled by modifying body weight support or guidance force of the Lokomat system.
Standard assessment and testing protocols were implemented and adapted to the target populations for cardiovascular rehabilitation tasks. Further intensity-control mechanisms provided by the software are feedback control of heart rate, oxygen uptake and metabolic work rate.
The results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the software module for cardiovascular assessment and training in robotics-assisted treadmill exercise. Using one of the intensity control methods, cardiovascular responses were activated and controlled in healthy people, moderately to severely affected individuals early after stroke and also in individuals with spinal cord injury.
The article considers the stages of designing a software package for risk assessment and analysis in agro-industrial integrated production systems, including the development of a modular ...architecture, the logical structure of the modules included in the software package, physical structure of the software package, software algorithms, and the interface layout.
William Omar Contreras Lopez,1,2 Joacir Graciolli Cordeiro,1 Ulrich Albicker,3 Soroush Doostkam,4 Guido Nikkhah,1,5 Robert D Kirch,6 Michael Trippel,1 ThomasReithmeier1,7 1Department of Stereotactic ...and Functional Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; 2Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Inomed, Emmendingen, 4Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, 5Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, 6Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, 7Department of Neurosurgery, Schwabing Academic Teaching Hospital of Technical University and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the standard neuroimaging method to diagnose neoplastic brain lesions, as well as to perform stereotactic biopsy surgical planning. MRI has the advantage of providing structural anatomical details with high sensitivity, though histological specificity is limited. Although combining MRI with other imaging modalities, such as positron-emission tomography (PET), has proven to increment specificity, exact correlation between PET threshold uptake ratios (URs) and histological diagnosis and grading has not yet been described.Objectives: The aim of this study was to correlate exactly the histopathological criteria of the biopsy site to its PET uptake value with high spatial resolution (mm3), and to analyze the diagnostic value of PET using the amino acid O-(2-18Ffluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) PET in patients with newly diagnosed brain lesions in comparison to histological findings obtained from stereotactic serial biopsy.Patients and methods: A total of 23 adult patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors on MRI were enrolled in this study. Subsequently to diagnoses, all patients underwent a 18F-FET PET-guided stereotactic biopsy, using an original newly developed software module, which is presented here. Conventional MRI, stereotactic computed tomography series, and 18F-FET PET images were semiautomatically fused, and hot-spot detection was performed for target planning. UR was determined using the uptake value from the biopsy sites in relation to the contralateral frontal white matter. UR values ≥1.6 were considered positive for glioma. High-grade glioma (HGG) was suspected with URs ≥3.0, while low-grade glioma (LGG) was suspected with URs between 1.6 and 3.0. Stereotactic serial biopsies along the trajectory at multiple sites were performed in millimeter steps, and the FET URs for each site were correlated exactly with a panel of 27 different histopathological markers. Comparisons between FET URs along the biopsy trajectories and the histological diagnoses were made with Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. Analysis of variance was performed to test for significant differences in maximum UR between different tumor grades.Results: A total of 363 biopsy specimens were taken from 23 patients by stereotactic serial biopsies. Histological examination revealed eight patients (35%) with an LGG: one with a World Health Organization (WHO)-I lesion and seven with a WHO-II lesion. Thirteen (57%) patients revealed an HGG (two with a WHO-III and three with a WHO-IV tumor), and two patients (9%) showed a process that was neither HGG nor LGG (group X or no-grade group). The correlation matrix between histological findings and the UR revealed five strong correlations. Low cell density in tissue samples was found to have a significant negative correlation with the measured cortical uptake rate (r=-0.43, P=0.02), as well as moderate cell density (r=-0.48, P=0.02). Pathological patterns of proliferation (r=0.37, P=0.04), GFAP (r=0.37, P=0.04), and Olig2 (r=0.36, P=0.05) showed a significant positive correlation with cortical URs. Analysis of variance tests showed a significant difference between the LGG and the HGG groups (F=8.27, P<0.002), but no significant differences when differentiating between the X group and the HGG (P=0.2)/LGG (P=0.8) groups, nor between the no-grade group and the WHO-I group.Conclusion: 18F-FET PET is a valuable tool, as it allows the differentiation of HGGs from LGGs. Its use is not limited to preoperative evaluation; it may also refine biopsy targeting and improve tumor delimitation for radiotherapy. Histology is still necessary, and remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis of brain lesions.Keywords: stereotactic serial biopsy, newly developed software module, newly diagnosed brain lesions, biopsy target, diagnostic and treatment management of cerebral gliomas, 18F-FET PET-guided stereotactic biopsy
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