Autonomija sportskih organizacija temeljni je princip koji sportu na specifičan način omogućuje razvoj. Sportsko pravo predstavlja skup specifičnih pravnih propisa koji sportskim organizacijama ...omogućuje upravljanje odnosima između sportskih subjekata. S druge strane, nužno je koristiti opća pravna pravila pa, s tim u vezi, ponekad ima problema koje bi sportska pravila trebala uzimati u obzir. Princip autonomije Nacionalnog olimpijskog odbora predstavlja jednu od okosnica olimpijskog pokreta pa je stoga važno znati gdje autonomija predstavlja poseban oblik neovisnosti, a gdje je ograničavaju drugi subjekti. Evo pitanja povezanih s autonomijom sportske organizacije: Jesu li sportske organizacije doista neovisne?; Jesmo li svjesni političkog utjecaja – pritiska vlade i drugih institucija; Gdje je okosnica subordinacije sportske organizacije u odnosu na vladajuće?; Koji odnos postoji između sportskih tijela i vladajućih? Radi li se o partnerskom odnosu ili je takav odnos iluzija? Nakon analize različitih situacija u organizaciji modernog sporta, autori smatraju da je njihov zaključak više nego evidentan. Konstruktivni i inkluzivni dijalog između politike i sportskih organizacija potreban je radi izgradnje konzistentnih mjera u sportu i onog zakonodavnog okvira koji je kompatibilan kako s općim nacionalnim pravom tako i s pravilima međunarodnih sportskih organizacija.
The autonomy of sports organizations is the basic principle which gives sport the possibility to develop in a specific way. Sports law represents the collection of specific legal rules which help sport organizations to manage the relationship among the subjects involved in sport. On the other hand it is necessary to use common legal rules and there are sometimes problems which legal rules should be respected. The principle of the autonomy of the NOC-s represents one of the backbones of the Olympic Movement and therefore it is interesting to find out where the autonomy also represents a special kind of independence and where the autonomy is limited by other subjects.There are some questions which are connected with the autonomy of a sport organization, such as
• Are sport organizations really independent?
• Are we aware of the political influence – the pressure by the government and other institutions?
• Where is the backbone of the subordination of a governing body towards a sport organization?
• What kind of a relationship amongst sports and governing bodies does exist; is the partnership a reality or an illusion?
After analyzing different situations in the organization of modern sport, we feel that our conclusion is more than evident. A constructive and inclusive dialogue between the government authorities and the sports organizations concerned is needed in order to establish a consistent sports policy and legislative framework which are compatible with both, the general principles of the law in the country and, the principles of the Olympic Movement and the rules of the international sports organizations.
To determine the accuracy of radiographer plain radiograph reporting in clinical practice.
Studies were identified from electronic sources and by hand searching journals, personal communication and ...checking reference lists. Eligible studies assessed radiographers' plain radiograph reporting in clinical practice compared with a reference standard, and provided accuracy data to construct 2×2 contingency tables. Data were extracted on study eligibility and characteristics, quality and accuracy. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to pool the accuracy data.
Radiographers compared with a reference standard, report plain radiographs in clinical practice at 92.6% (95% CI: 92.0–93.2) and 97.7% (95% CI: 97.5–97.9) sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Studies that compared selectively trained radiographers and radiologists of varying seniority against a reference standard showed no evidence of a difference between radiographer and radiologist reporting accuracy of accident and emergency plain radiographs. Selectively trained radiographers were also found to report such radiographs as accurately as those not solely from accident and emergency, although some variation in reporting accuracy was found for different body areas. Training radiographers improved their accuracy when reporting normal radiographs.
This study systematically synthesizes the literature to provide an evidence-base showing that radiographers can accurately report plain radiographs in clinical practice.
To evaluate the capacity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), and progesterone (P) to discriminate ectopic pregnancies (EP) from nonectopic ...ones.
Prospective, case-controlled study.
Tertiary care center.
Twenty-nine women with EP, 29 women with normal intrauterine pregnancy (nIUP), and 28 women with spontaneous miscarriage, all matched for gestational age.
Serum samples were obtained.
Serum concentrations of VEGF, PAPP-A, and P were measured.
Serum VEGF concentrations did not show statistically significant differences among women with EP (median, 55.24 pg/mL; range, 0.20-179.24), spontaneous miscarriages (median, 26.24 pg/mL; range, 0.22-365.24), and nIUP (median, 43.24 pg/mL; range, 0.86-101.24). The median level of P was significantly increased in the nIUP group (20.58 ng/mL; range, 13.9-37.04) compared with the other two groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the spontaneous miscarriage and EP groups. Like P, PAPP-A values were also significantly higher in the nIUP group than in the other two groups, but the difference between PAPP-A values in the EP and spontaneous abortion groups was statistically insignificant.
VEGF, PAPP-A, and P cannot be used to diagnose EPs, but PAPP-A and P can at least be used to differentiate abnormal pregnancies.
The fungal GATA factors Scazzocchio, Claudio
Current Opinion in Microbiology,
04/2000, Volume:
3, Issue:
2
Book Review, Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The DNA-binding domains of eucaryotic GATA factors comprise a four-cysteine Zn finger and an adjacent basic region. Fungal GATA factors regulate nitrogen metabolism, light induction, siderophore ...biosynthesis and mating-type switching. Hydrophobic interactions determine binding-site specificity. Interactions with other factors may determine promoter specificity. One GATA factor has recently been shown to determine a drastic chromatin rearrangement.
Mammalian aminoacylase-1 (Acy1) participates in the breakdown of N-acetylated amino acids during intracellular protein catabolism. Acy1 is most abundantly expressed in the kidney tubular epithelium. ...Lately, Acy1 deficiency was identified in children with increased urinary excretion of several N-acetylamino acids. Here we report detailed N-acetylamino acid specificity profiles for human and porcine Acy1 based on steady state kinetic measurements. We found that LLC-PK1 cells, a model of the porcine kidney proximal tubular epithelium, robustly express Acy1. For the first time, we demonstrate uptake and utilization of N-acteylleucine and -methionine in replacement of the free amino acid, respectively, in cultured epithelial cells. Our data are consistent with a specific role of kidney Acy1 in the salvage of amino acids originating from systemic degradation of N-acetylated proteins.
Background and Objectives: Preterm birth defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks was implicated in the cause of approximately two thirds of neonatal deaths. Some studies have shown that a ...positive relationship exists between inflammatory factors such as Ferritin, G-CSF, and IL6 and occurrence of preterm birth. The present study is done to estimate Serum ferritin for the prediction of preterm birth and determination of sensitivity and specificity of ferritin in diagnosis of preterm birth. Methods : This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Alzahra & Beheshti Hospitals, Esfahan, Iran during 2008-2009. All of the pregnant women who have the included criteria were investigated. 69 preterm and 153 term labors were studied. During the pregnancy, the level of serum ferritin was measured. The data was entered into a computer and analyzed by SPSS soft ware after collection. The T student, Chi square and Roc Curve tests were used for data analysis. Results: According to results of our study, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for diagnose of preterm labor at cut of point 22.5ng/ml were estimated as 78.3%, 83%, 67.5% and 89.4% respectively. Conclusion: Results show that there is a relationship between serum ferritin and preterm deliveries and according to sensitivity, specifity, positive and negative predictive value of serum ferritin, we can use this test for prediction of preterm birth.
implicated in the cause of approximately two thirds of neonatal deaths. Some studies have shown that a positive relationship exists between inflammatory factors such as Ferritin, G-CSF, and IL6 and ...occurrence of preterm birth. The present study is done to estimate Serum ferritin for the prediction of preterm birth and determination of sensitivity and specificity of ferritin in diagnosis of preterm birth.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Alzahra & Beheshti Hospitals, Esfahan, Iran during 2008-2009. All of the pregnant women who have the included criteria were investigated. 69 preterm and 153 term labors were studied. During the pregnancy, the level of serum ferritin was measured. The data was entered into a computer and analyzed by SPSS soft ware after collection. The T student, Chi square and Roc Curve tests were used for data analysis. Results: According to results of our study, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for diagnose of preterm labor at cut of point 22.5ng/ml were estimated as 78.3%, 83%, 67.5% and 89.4% respectively.Conclusion: Results show that there is a relationship between serum ferritin and preterm deliveries and according to sensitivity, specifity, positive and negative predictive value of serum ferritin, we can use this test for prediction of preterm birth.
The classical and still and ever current central (legal) question in the debate on the position of sport in the European Union is whether sport is “special”, whether it deserves specific treatment ...under European Law and to what extent and why. In other words should sport be exempted from the EC Treaty? It is the discussion on what is called in the jargon the “specificity of sport” and the “sporting exception”.1 In this article the general framework which the EU institutions developed regarding the specificity of sport, is dealt with. What are in fact the basics in this respect? Which sporting exceptions concerned have been accepted and which not and why? What is the result of a comparison of exceptions and justifications, what is the overall picture of the sport specificity practical application by the Commission as the EU day-to-day executive organ and the European Court of Justice as the EU supreme judicial organ? The cases and issues will be categorised according to whether they concern “internal market freedoms (movement of workers and provision of services) or EU competition law in sport organisational matters.
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