Cet article s’intéresse à l’application de la législation sur le contrôle des chômeurs par les conseillers Pôle emploi. Nous développons un modèle à trois agents (législateur, contrôleur et chômeur) ...avec asymétries d’information : l’effort de recherche des chômeurs et le comportement du contrôleur ne sont pas parfaitement observables. Nous montrons que lorsque le législateur prévoit des sanctions plus strictes, le contrôleur étant averse à l’erreur choisit un degré de preuve plus élevé afin d’éviter de sanctionner injustement les chômeurs. Des sanctions plus sévères ont donc un effet ambigu sur les incitations fournies aux chômeurs. Cet effet est hétérogène en fonction de leur niveau de richesse. L’introduction d’un système d’avertissements avant sanction renforce la crédibilité du contrôle en révélant de l’information sur le comportement des chômeurs. Classification JEL : D82, H53, J65, J68.
In this article, the author highlights the connection between using lower standard of proof in proceedings regarding criminally acquired property and the possible risk of forfeiture of a person's ...legally acquired property. Loopholes in the legal regulation allow the possibility of unreasonably restricting property rights of a person without establishing whether such a restriction is justified and proportionate. This study analyses the Latvian and foreign literature to understand the true reason for having lower standard of proof in respect of figuring out the nature of criminally acquired property and also analyses certain Latvian court decisions to subject property of unknown origin to confiscation in the absence of evidence of a direct connection between property and illicit action. The aim of this study is to analyse the negative impact of lower standard of proof on protection of property right in specific criminal procedure cases. The main methods used in this study were analytical, comparative, inductive and deductive methods. The result of this study shows how legally acquired property may be put under doubt and be confiscated by the State under lower standard of proof without specific guarantees.
Since fallibility is unavoidable, any criminal justice system must decide how the risk of error should be distributed. The traditional view holds that a false conviction is morally far worse than a ...false acquittal. Therefore, erroneous outcomes must be distributed asymmetrically to avoid, to the highest possible extent, convicting the innocent. This article casts doubts on this assumption. It postulates that the traditional view defends a markedly asymmetrical distribution of erroneous outcomes, because it neglects the preventive cost of acquitting the guilty. After a theoretical and empirical analysis, this article concludes that crime prevention must be considered when establishing the level of the standard of proof; and, when it is considered, pro tanto reasons emerge to adopt a weaker standard than that normally deemed appropriate in criminal cases. The article also examines three possible reasons why preventive arguments are not considered when establishing the criminal standard of proof. It concludes that ignoring the consequences of the standard of proof on crime cannot be justified by the distinction between statistical and individualised victims, or by that between distribution and concentration of harm, or ultimately by that between action and omission.
The article aims to untangle the concept of standard of proof, properly inserting it in the context of decision-making, presenting its main functions and identifying its ability to make the decision ...on the facts in the decision process more objective.
O artigo tem por objetivo destrinchar o conceito de standard probatório, inserindo-o adequadamente no contexto do procedimento decisório, apresentando as suas principais funções e identificando sua ...aptidão para tornar mais objetiva a decisão sobre os fatos no processo decisório
This paper outlines the results of a research study aiming to analyse the prevailing standard of probability in relation to both evidence and context as means of proof in simulation proceedings in ...Colombian civil law. The fundamental contribution of this research study is to prioritise the logical-valuative judgements made by the judge when analysing the context circumstantial evidence in court ruling on simulated legal transactions. The question to be addressed, by means of a basic legal, analytical, systematic and hermeneutic methodology, is the following: Does context evidence constitute a limit to the standards of circumstantial evidence in decisions on simulation proceedings? The paper concludes that, although it does not constitute a valuation limit, it does allow the development of the prevailing probability standard with respect to simulation.
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