Status Conflict in Groups Bendersky, Corinne; Hays, Nicholas A.
Organization science (Providence, R.I.),
03/2012, Volume:
23, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
We introduce status conflicts—defined as disputes over people's relative status (i.e., respect) positions in their group's social hierarchy—as a key group process that affects task group performance. ...Using mixed research methods, we qualitatively identify the characteristics of status conflicts, validate a four-item survey scale that distinctly measures status conflict, and investigate the relationship between status conflict and group performance. We determine that status conflict exerts a significant negative main effect, moderates the effects of task conflict on group performance, and hurts performance by undermining information sharing more than other types of conflict do.
Status epilepticus without prompt seizure control always leads to neuronal death and long-term cognitive deficits, but effective intervention is still absent. Here, we found that hydrogen could ...alleviate the hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory deficit in lithium–pilocarpine model of status epilepticus in rats, as evidenced by the results in Morris water maze test. Hydrogen treatment downregulated the expression of necroptosis-related proteins, such as MLKL, phosphorylated-MLKL, and RIPK3 in hippocampus, and further protected neurons and astrocytes from necroptosis which was here first verified to occur in status epilepticus. Hydrogen also protected cells from apoptosis, which was indicated by the decreased cleaved-Caspase 3 expression. Meanwhile, Iba1
+
microglial activation by status epilepticus was reduced by hydrogen treatment. These findings confirm the utility of hydrogen treatment in averting cell death including necroptosis and alleviating cognitive deficits caused by status epilepticus. Therefore, hydrogen may provide a potential and powerful clinical treatment for status epilepticus-related cognitive deficits.
This study presents evidence on the role of social environment for the formation of prosociality. We show that socioeconomic status (SES) as well as intensity of mother-child interaction and mothers’ ...prosocial attitudes are related to elementary school children’s prosociality. We also present evidence on a randomly assigned variation of the social environment, providing children with a mentor for 1 year. Our data reveal a significant and persistent increase in prosociality in the treatment relative to the control group. Moreover, enriching the social environment closes the prosociality gap between low- and high-SES children. A mediation analysis suggests that prosociality develops in response to prosocial role models and intense social interactions.
To further characterize the demographics, outcomes, and prognostic factors for refractory status epilepticus (RSE).
Retrospective analysis of all the episodes of RSE treated between January 1, 1999, ...and August 30, 2011.
Neurointensive care unit within a tertiary referral center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
Refractory status epilepticus was defined as generalized convulsive or nonconvulsive status epilepticus (SE) that continued despite initial first- and second-line therapies. Exclusion criteria were aged younger than 18 years, anoxic/myoclonic SE, psychogenic SE, simple partial SE, and absence SE.
Functional outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale (mRS) dichotomized into good (mRS, 0-3) and poor (mRS, 4-6). Functional decline was defined as a change in mRS greater than 1 from hospital admission to discharge.
We identified 63 consecutive episodes of non-anoxic RSE in 54 patients. Anesthetic agents were used in 55 episodes (87.30%), and duration of drug-induced coma was (mean SD) 11.0 (17.9) days. In-hospital mortality was 31.75% (20 of 63 episodes). Poor functional outcome at discharge occurred in 48 of 63 episodes (76.19%). Hospital length of stay was (mean SD) 27.7 (37.3) days. Duration of drug-induced coma (P=.03), arrhythmias requiring intervention (P=.01), and pneumonia (P=.01) were associated with poor functional outcome. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was associated with mortality (P=.04). Seizure control without suppression-burst or isoelectric electroencephalogram predicted good functional recovery (P=.01). Age, history of epilepsy, previous SE, type of SE, and anesthetic drug used were not associated with functional outcome.
Three-quarters of patients with RSE have a poor outcome. Achieving control of the SE without requiring prolonged drug-induced coma or severe electroencephalographic suppression portends better prognosis.
An improved understanding of the biology of the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is critical for the development of effective management strategies. Trapping is ...one technique used for both detection and control; however, the efficacy of trapping can vary depending on the target insect's physiological state, its behavioural priorities and the type of attractant used in the trap. We conducted a series of caged trapping experiments and a greenhouse trapping experiment to investigate the effects of D. suzukii feeding status, age, mating status, ovipositional status and seasonal morph type on the capture rate of traps baited with fermentation odours. Starved flies were trapped at greater rates compared to fed flies; more virgin flies were trapped than mated flies; flies deprived of an oviposition substrate were trapped more frequently than flies given an oviposition substrate. It is still unclear whether age or seasonal morphology affect bait response. Lastly, a caged choice experiment investigated the relationship between female reproductive status and attraction to fermentation or fruit odours. Fermentation‐based traps captured female flies regardless of their reproductive status but, ripe fruit‐based traps were more attractive to flies with more than seven eggs. In summary, studies that use fermentation‐based traps should recognize that capture rates of D. suzukii will depend on the feeding, mating and oviposition experiences of the population; also, fruit‐based traps may better target gravid females.
The rediscovered self Niezen, Ronald
The rediscovered self,
c2009, 20090518, 2014, 2009, 2009-05-18, Volume:
57
eBook
Drawing on historical, legal, and ethnographic material on aboriginal communities in northern Canada, Niezen illustrates the ways indigenous peoples worldwide are identifying and acting upon new ...opportunities to further their rights and identities. He shows how - within the constraints of state and international legal systems, activist lobbying strategies, and public ideas and expectations - indigenous leaders are working to overcome the injuries of imposed change, political exclusion, and loss of identity. Taken together, the essays provide a critical understanding of the ways in which people are seeking cultural justice while rearticulating and, at times, re-dignifying the collective self.
Abstract
Objectives
Blacks and Hispanics are at increased risk for dementia, even after socioeconomic and vascular factors are taken into account. This study tests a comprehensive model of ...psychosocial pathways leading to differences in longitudinal cognitive outcomes among older blacks and Hispanics, compared to non-Hispanic whites.
Methods
Using data from 10,173 participants aged 65 and older in the Health and Retirement Study, structural equation models tested associations among race/ethnicity, perceived discrimination, depressive symptoms, external locus of control, and 6-year memory trajectories, controlling for age, sex, educational attainment, income, wealth, and chronic diseases.
Results
Greater perceived discrimination among blacks was associated with lower initial memory level via depressive symptoms and external locus of control, and with faster memory decline directly. Greater depressive symptoms and external locus of control among Hispanics were each independently associated with lower initial memory, but there were no pathways from Hispanic ethnicity to memory decline.
Discussion
Depression and external locus of control partially mediate racial/ethnic differences in memory trajectories. Perceived discrimination is a major driver of these psychosocial pathways for blacks, but not Hispanics. These results can inform the development of policies and interventions to reduce cognitive morbidity among racially/ethnically diverse older adults.
The Internal Protection Alternative in Refugee Law addresses the legal conditions under which a refugee claimant may be returned to a safe area within her country of origin.
This study aims to evaluate whether the pattern of socioeconomic inequalities in physical and mental functioning as measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) differs among employees in Britain, Finland, ...and Japan and whether work characteristics contribute to some of the health inequalities. The participants were 7340 (5122 men and 2218 women) British employees, 2297 (1638 men and 659 women) Japanese employees, and 8164 (1649 men and 6515 women) Finnish employees. All the participants were civil servants aged 40–60 years. Both male and female low grade employees had poor physical functioning in all cohorts. British and Japanese male low grade employees tended to have poor mental functioning but the associations were significant only for Japanese men. No consistent employment-grade differences in mental functioning were observed among British and Japanese women. Among Finnish men and women, high grade employees had poor mental functioning. In all cohorts, high grade employees had high control, high demands and long work hours. The grade differences in poor physical functioning and disadvantaged work characteristics among non-manual workers were somewhat smaller in the Finnish cohort than in the British and Japanese cohorts. Low control, high demands, and both short and long work hours were associated with poor functioning. When work characteristics were adjusted for, the socioeconomic differences in poor functioning were mildly attenuated in men, but the differences increased slightly in women. This study reconfirms the generally observed pattern of socioeconomic inequalities in health for physical functioning but not for mental functioning. The role of work characteristics in the relationship between socioeconomic status and health differed between men and women but was modest overall. We suggest that these differences in the pattern and magnitude of grade differences in work characteristics and health among the 3 cohorts may be attributable to the different welfare regimes among the 3 countries.
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