A recent study by Li et al. demonstrated that the removal of like heterochromatin protein 1 (LHP1) in common wheat causes developmental drawbacks, yet confers resistance to stripe rust infection. Due ...to its role in regulating diversified defense genes, LHP1 was suggested to be an epigenetic gatekeeper potentially promoting adaptive evolution in allopolyploid wheat.
A recent study by Li et al. demonstrated that the removal of like heterochromatin protein 1 (LHP1) in common wheat causes developmental drawbacks, yet confers resistance to stripe rust infection. Due to its role in regulating diversified defense genes, LHP1 was suggested to be an epigenetic gatekeeper potentially promoting adaptive evolution in allopolyploid wheat.
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•Composition of membrane fatty acids highly impacts cell adaptation and survival.•RNase R governs the turnover of the fatty acid biosynthesis transcripts in S. pneumoniae.•Loss of ...RNase R leads to alterations in the fatty acid composition of the membrane.•The RNase R lacking strain is more susceptible to stress conditions impacting the cell membrane.
Previous studies on RNase R have highlighted significant effects of this ribonuclease in several processes of Streptococcus pneumoniae biology. In this work we show that elimination of RNase R results in overexpression of most of genes encoding the components of type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FASII) cluster. We demonstrate that RNase R is implicated in the turnover of most of transcripts from this pathway, affecting the outcome of the whole FASII cluster, and ultimately leading to changes in the membrane fatty acid composition. Our results show that the membrane of the deleted strain contains higher proportion of unsaturated and long-chained fatty acids than the membrane of the wild type strain. These alterations render the RNase R mutant more prone to membrane lipid peroxidation and are likely the reason for the increased sensitivity of this strain to detergent lysis and to the action of the bacteriocin nisin.
Reprogramming of membrane fluidity is an adaptative cell response crucial for bacterial survival in constantly changing environmental conditions. The data presented here is suggestive of a role for RNase R in the composition of S. pneumoniae membrane, with strong impact on pneumococci adaptation to different stress situations.
In nature, the production of plant stress resistance traits is often induced by extreme environmental conditions. Under extreme conditions, plants can be irreversibly damaged. Intervention with ...phytostimulants, however, can improve plant stress resistance without causing damage to the plants themselves, hence maintaining the production. For example, exogenous substances such as proteins and polysaccharides can be used effectively as phytostimulants. Chitooligosaccharide, a plant stimulant, can promote seed germination and plant growth and development, and improve plant photosynthesis. In this review, we summarize progress in the research of chitooligosaccharide-induced plant stress resistance. The mechanism and related experiments of chitooligosaccharide-induced resistance to pathogen, drought, low-temperature, saline-alkali, and other stresses are classified and discussed. In addition, we put forward the challenges confronted by chitooligosaccharide-induced plant stress resistance and the future research concept that requires multidisciplinary cooperation, which could provide data for the in-depth study of the effect of chitooligosaccharide on plants.
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The cysteine prodrug N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is widely used as a pharmacological antioxidant and cytoprotectant. It has been reported to lower endogenous oxidant levels and to protect cells against a ...wide range of pro-oxidative insults. As NAC itself is a poor scavenger of oxidants, the molecular mechanisms behind the antioxidative effects of NAC have remained uncertain. Here we show that NAC-derived cysteine is desulfurated to generate hydrogen sulfide, which in turn is oxidized to sulfane sulfur species, predominantly within mitochondria. We provide evidence suggesting the possibility that sulfane sulfur species produced by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase are the actual mediators of the immediate antioxidative and cytoprotective effects provided by NAC.
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•Treatment of cells with NAC leads to mitochondrial sulfane sulfur production•Redox-sensitive GFP can be used to monitor persulfide generation in living cells•Sulfane sulfur species may explain the powerful antioxidative properties of NAC
N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC), by itself a poor scavenger of oxidants, is converted inside cells to yield sulfane sulfur species, which are very potent scavengers of oxidants. This conversion may account for many of the antioxidative effects provided by NAC which have hitherto remained unexplained.
Acquired stress resistance is the result of mild stress causing the acquisition of resistance to severe stress of the same or a different type. The mechanism of "same-stress" resistance (resistance ...to a second, strong stress after mild primary stress of the same type) probably depends on the activation of defense and repair mechanisms specific for a particular type of stress, while cross-stress resistance (i.e., resistance to a second, strong stress after a different type of mild primary stress) is the effect of activation of both a specific and general stress response program, which in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast is known as the environmental stress response (ESR). Advancements in research techniques have made it possible to study the mechanism of cross-stress resistance at various levels of cellular organization: stress signal transduction pathways, regulation of gene expression, and transcription or translation processes. As a result of this type of research, views on the cross-stress protection mechanism have been reconsidered. It was originally thought that cross-stress resistance, irrespective of the nature of the two stresses, was determined by universal mechanisms, i.e., the same mechanisms within the general stress response. They are now believed to be more specific and strictly dependent on the features of the first stress.
•Seed born endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 was producing abscisic acid under saline conditions.•RWL-1 significantly increased the Oryza sativa growth attributes during salinity.•Increase ...in salinity stress tolerance to rice plants was extended by higher synthesis of amino acids during salinity.•RWL-1 inoculation modulated the endogenous salicylic and abscisic acids showing improved plant physiology.
Salinity hinders plant growth and results in reduced crop yield. The use of plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria is an eco-friendly strategy to counteract such stresses and confer tolerance to the host. Endophytic bacteria have been recognized for their active role in auxin production; however, little is known about their ability to produce abscisic acid (ABA). In recent studies, the bacterial endophyte Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 has been found to produce ABA, and as such, has the potential to increase plant resistance to salinity stress. Results showed that RWL-1 produced varying concentrations of ABA (0.32±0.015–0.14±0.030ngmL−1) under normal and saline conditions. The ability of RWL-1 to produce ABA was reduced in response to increasing salinity; however, it maintained its growth by up-regulating production of essential amino acids (glutamic acid and proline). To further investigate the potential of this endophytic bacterium, a plant-microbe interaction experiment was conducted which showed that RWL-1 inoculation significantly increased growth attributes of rice plants as compared to non-inoculated control plants under salinity stress. Micrographs also revealed active symbiosis of RWL-1 with plant roots under normal and salinity stress conditions. The essential amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, proline, and cysteine) were significantly up-regulated by RWL-1 inoculation under salinity stress. In addition, the stress-sensitive endogenous ABA levels were significantly reduced, whereas the levels of endogenous salicylic acid were significantly higher in RWl-1-inoculated plants than in control plants exposed to the same level of salinity stress. The current findings suggest that the phytohormone-producing abilities of endophytic bacteria can increase plant resistance to salinity, in turn improving agricultural productivity.
The objective it was analysis the prion protein for scrapie resistance genotyping as codon- amino acid at codon 136, 154, 171 from 5 known haplotypes resulting PrP Genotype. Tissue samples were ...collected at Institute for Research and Development Rusetu for study the scrapie resistance. Ovine scrapie is a member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), a heterogeneous family of fatal neurologic disorders characterized by deposition of an abnormal isoform (prion protein PrP PrP-Sc) of a cellular sialoglycoprotein in neural tissue. One other objective it was analysis the stress resistance and F 18 + E.coli resistance of pigs. Tissue samples were collected at Institute for Research and Development Rusetu and from Romsuintest Peris. The results are favorable for use the genes assisted selection as instrument of the biodiversity and for selection the animals that are the positives characters.
The TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE ( TBL ) gene encodes a class of proteins related to xylan acetylation, which has been shown to play an important role in plant response to environmental stresses. This ...gene family has been meticulously investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana , whereas there have been no related reports in Eucalyptus grandis . In this study, we identified 49 TBL genes in E. grandis . A conserved amino acid motif was identified, which plays an important role in the execution of the function of TBL gene family members. The expression of TBL genes was generally upregulated in jasmonic acid-treated experiments, whereas it has been found that jasmonic acid activates the expression of genes involved in the defense functions of the plant body, suggesting that TBL genes play an important function in the response of the plant to stress. The principle of the action of TBL genes is supported by the finding that the xylan acetylation process increases the rigidity of the cell wall of the plant body and thus improves the plant’s resistance to stress. The results of this study provide new information about the TBL gene family in E. grandis and will help in the study of the evolution, inheritance, and function of TBL genes in E. grandis , while confirming their functions.
The inoculum has a crucial impact on bioreactor initialization and performance. However, there is currently a lack of guidance on selecting appropriate inocula for applications in environmental ...biotechnology. In this study, we applied microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) as models to investigate the differences in the functional potential of electroactive microorganisms (EAMs) within anodic biofilms developed from four different inocula (natural or artificial), using shotgun metagenomic techniques. We specifically focused on extracellular electron transfer (EET) function and stress resistance, which affect the performance and stability of MECs. Community profiling revealed that the family Geobacteraceae was the key EAM taxon in all biofilms, with Geobacter as the dominant genus. The c-type cytochrome gene imcH showed universal importance for Geobacteraceae EET and was utilized as a marker gene to evaluate the EET potential of EAMs. Additionally, stress response functional genes were used to assess the stress resistance potential of Geobacter species. Comparative analysis of imcH gene abundance revealed that EAMs with comparable overall EET potential could be enriched from artificial and natural inocula (P > 0.05). However, quantification of stress response gene copy numbers in the genomes demonstrated that EAMs originating from natural inocula possessed superior stress resistance potential (196 vs. 163). Overall, this study provides novel perspectives on the inoculum effect in bioreactors and offers theoretical guidance for selecting inoculum in environmental engineering applications.
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•Similar electroactive microbial consortia could develop from various inocula.•Quinol oxidase coding gene imcH is a potential indicator of EET capacity.•Stress response genes are useful indicators to assess stress resistance potential.•Inoculum source has minor impact on EET capacity of electroactive biofilms.•Inoculum source would determine the stress resistance of electroactive taxa.
Plants, anchored throughout their life cycles, face a unique set of challenges from fluctuating environments and pathogenic assaults. Central to their adaptative mechanisms are transcription factors ...(TFs), particularly the AP2/ERF superfamily-one of the most extensive TF families unique to plants. This family plays instrumental roles in orchestrating diverse biological processes ranging from growth and development to secondary metabolism, and notably, responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Distinguished by the presence of the signature AP2 domain or its responsiveness to ethylene signals, the AP2/ERF superfamily has become a nexus of research focus, with increasing literature elucidating its multifaceted roles. This review provides a synoptic overview of the latest research advancements on the AP2/ERF family, spanning its taxonomy, structural nuances, prevalence in higher plants, transcriptional and post-transcriptional dynamics, and the intricate interplay in DNA-binding and target gene regulation. Special attention is accorded to the ethylene response factor B3 subgroup protein Pti5 and its role in stress response, with speculative insights into its functionalities and interaction matrix in tomatoes. The overarching goal is to pave the way for harnessing these TFs in the realms of plant genetic enhancement and novel germplasm development.
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