When considering an information security culture in an organisation, researchers have to consider the possibility of several information security subcultures that could be present in the ...organisation. This means that different geographical, ethnic or age groups of employees could have different assumptions, values and beliefs about the protection of information, resulting in unique information security subcultures. This research sets out to understand how dominant information security cultures and subcultures develop and how they can be influenced positively over time through targeted interventions. In support of this, a summary of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence information security culture is presented.
An empirical case study was conducted using a survey approach with a validated information security culture questionnaire to illustrate how to identify dominant information security cultures and subcultures. The survey was conducted at four intervals in the same organisation over a number of years to identify potential information security subcultures and to monitor the change, if targeted interventions for each are implemented. Using t-tests and ANOVA tests, a number of information security subcultures were identified, mostly evident across the organisation's office locations (which are separated geographically), as well as between employees that worked in the IT division compared to those who did not. The data indicate that the dominant information security culture and subcultures improved over time to a more positive information security culture after the implementation of targeted interventions. This illustrates how the identification and targeting of information security subcultures with customised interventions can influence the information security culture positively. By using information security interventions, organisations can target their high-risk subcultures and monitor the change over time through continuous assessment, thereby minimising the risk to information protection from a human perspective.
As a highly valued fungus,
Cordyceps militaris
has been widely used all over the world. Although the wild resources of
C
.
militaris
are limited, the fruiting bodies of
C
.
militaris
have been ...successfully cultivated on a large-scale. However, the high-frequency degeneration of
C
.
militaris
during subculture and preservation seriously limits the development of the
C
.
militaris
industry. How to solve the degeneration of
C
.
militaris
has become an unsolved bottleneck problem throughout the whole
Cordyceps
industry. The aim of this review is to illustrate the phenotypic changes after the degeneration of
C
.
militaris
, focusing on the causes (including environmental factors and genetic variation) of
C
.
militaris
degeneration. Moreover, genetic variation is the root cause of the degeneration of
C
.
militaris
strains. Measures to prevent the degeneration of
C
.
militaris
are also discussed in this review. This paper will increase understanding of the degeneration mechanism of
C
.
militaris
, provide a reference for solving the degeneration problem of
C
.
militaris
, and lay a foundation for promoting the sustainable development of
C
.
militaris
.
Sex, thugs and rock 'n' roll Fenemore, Mark
2007, 2007., 20071215, 2009., 2007-12-15, 20070101, Volume:
16
eBook, Book
A fascinating and highly readable account of what it was like to be young and hip, growing up in East Germany in the 1950s and 1960s. Living on the frontline of the Cold War, young people were ...subject to a number of competing influences. For young men from the working class, in particular, a conflict developed between the culture they inherited from their parents and the new official culture taught in schools. Merging with street gangs, new youth cultures took shape, which challenged authority and provided an alternative vision of modernity. Taking their fashion cues, music and icons from the West, they rapidly came into conflict with a didactic and highly controlling party-state. Charting the clashes which occurred between teenage rebels and the authorities, the book explores what happened when gender, sexuality, Nazism, communism and rock 'n' roll collided during a period, which also saw the building of the Berlin Wall.
How police construct definitions of law enforcement has been a longstanding inquiry in criminology. This research has demonstrated that police subculture values, such as how police are socialized to ...hyperfocus on danger and safety, can have a strong influence on officer decisions. These cultural logics can intersect with conditions of the environment to shape definitions of law enforcement. Particularly, school police offer an opportunity to elucidate how these cultural logics are used to construct definitions across contexts. We draw from 26 interviews with school police to investigate what cultural logic is used to construct law enforcement definitions. We illustrate how definitions were driven by a safety logic, which structured wide-ranging student behaviors as underspecified signals of danger mandating legal intervention.
Camptothecin the third most in demand alkaloid, is commercially extracted in India from the endangered plant, Nothapodytes nimmoniana. Endophytes, the microorganisms that reside within plants, are ...reported to have the ability to produce host-plant associated metabolites. Hence, our research aims to establish a sustainable and high camptothecin yielding endophyte, as an alternative source for commercial production of camptothecin. A total of 132 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from different plant parts (leaf, petiole, stem and bark) of N. nimmoniana, out of which 94 were found to produce camptothecin in suspension culture. Alternaria alstroemeriae (NCIM1408) and Alternaria burnsii (NCIM1409) demonstrated camptothecin yields up to 426.7 ± 33.6 µg/g DW and 403.3 ± 41.6 µg/g DW, respectively, the highest reported production to date. Unlike the reported product yield attenuation in endophytes with subculture in axenic state, Alternaria burnsii NCIM1409 could retain and sustain the production of camptothecin up to ~ 200 μg/g even after 12 continuous subculture cycles. The camptothecin biosynthesis in Alternaria burnsii NCIM1409 was confirmed using
C carbon labelling (and cytotoxicity analysis on different cancer cell lines) and this strain can now be used to develop a sustainable bioprocess for in vitro production of camptothecin as an alternative to plant extraction.
This is a major study of the 1549 rebellions, the largest and most important risings in Tudor England. Based upon extensive archival evidence, the book sheds fresh light on the causes, course and ...long-term consequences of the insurrections. Andy Wood focuses on key themes in the social history of politics, concerning the end of medieval popular rebellion; the Reformation and popular politics; popular political language; early modern state formation; speech, silence and social relations; and social memory and the historical representation of the rebellions. He examines the long-term significance of the rebellions for the development of English society, arguing that the rebellions represent an important moment of discontinuity between the late medieval and the early modern periods. This compelling history of Tudor politics from the bottom up will be essential reading for late medieval and early modern historians as well as early modern literary critics.
Young people are always looking for an opportunity to express and to find themselves, to their find place in this world, including through subcultures. However, sometimes these subcultures become ...countercultures, that is, they carry values that contradict the dominant culture of society. Modern youth spends a significant part of their time on the Internet, and trash streams are one of the types of Internet leisure. The purpose of this article is to clarify what such a subcultural phenomenon as trash streams is, how they are evaluated by young people and representatives of the older generation. In the course of the study, four focus groups and two project sessions were conducted with schoolchildren and students, as well as an online survey of 8,942 respondents of various age categories. The vast majority of respondents, regardless of age, believe that it is necessary to prohibit or at least limit the broadcast of trash streams. Nevertheless, there is a fairly significant part of respondents who believe that “people voluntarily participate in trash streams, this is their right, and the ban will only increase demand. The respondents’ opinions also differ when answering the following questions: “Do trash streams have customers?”, “Are trash streams dangerous or not?”. At the same time, the vast majority of respondents do not consider personal participation in trash streams for themselves.
This article contributes to the debate on the relevance of subculture as a theoretical concept for understanding groups in contemporary Western societies. Utilising data from a virtual ethnography of ...body modifiers, the article challenges the dominance of post-subcultural approaches. The body modification subculture discussed in this article has not only formed along socioeconomic lines, it has developed alternative work opportunities that enable and promote continued involvement in the subculture beyond one's youth. While scenes and (neo-) tribes maintain their relevance for scholars investigating groups with a more temporary nature, the data presented herein show that subcultures did not vanish as society transitioned from post-War to postmodernity.
Gay, bisexual, and queer-identifying (GBQ) male communities tend to comprise various distinct subcultural identity groups based on shared characteristics and associations, often overlooked in ...research and practice. This study aimed to develop a greater understanding of GBQ subcultural identities by exploring how they are understood and described by individuals who utilise them. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 gay, bisexual, and queer-identifying men living in Australia and who identified with one or more subcultural identities. Interview transcripts and data underwent thematic analysis. All participants identified with two or more subcultural identities. Results indicated that subcultural identities were understood and characterised through physical traits, gender expression and perceived norms, sexual preferences and sex roles, interests and hobbies, and social interaction dynamics. Important functions of subcultural identities were noted, such as their utility in filtering and regulating social associations and interactions as well as reflecting elements of queer history and culture. Findings highlight some key characteristics that define subcultural identities and the functions they serve for GBQ men. This knowledge furthers understanding of GBQ subcultural identities and may assist in developing culturally-relevant approaches to future research and practice in areas such as health promotion and service delivery.
As opposed to the discourse marking the division between the subculturalists and the post-subculturalists, we hold that subculturalisation and tribalisation are essentially the same social process. ...The process within which the Croatian ultras subculture was formed, took place from the late 1970s to the late 1980s. Nationalism and violence are broadly acknowledged as the main features of this new subcultural style in socialist Yugoslavia. However, to fully understand the process it is necessary to study broader spectrum of influences and relationships between actors on the social scene. Therefore we put emphasis on the interaction between football supporters and subcultural styles founded on rock and similar genres of music. This interaction proved to be crucial in anti-establishment and anti-mainstream sensibilities of the emerging football supporter scene. This is particularly important while these sensibilities have remained one of basic characteristics of the ultras subculture in modern Croatia.
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