Towards the turn of the 20th century, a new wave of hip hop music emerged in Nigeria whose sense of popularity activated, and was activated by, the employment of complex linguistic strategies. ...Indirection, ambiguity, circumlocution, language mixing, pun, double meaning, and inclusive pronominals, among others, are not only used by artists in performing the glocal orientations of their music but also become for them valuable resources in the fashioning of multiple identities. In this paper, I interrogate some of these linguistic markers, using four broad paradigms: "Signifying," "slangifying," "double meaning," and "pronominals and ghetto naming." Under each of these areas, I show how Nigerian hip hop music is creating-through the mediation of language-sub-identities and a new subculture for a generation of urban youth.
Immature inflorescence with outer spathe length of 5.5 cm size collected from West Coast Tall cultivar of coconut was used as the explant and rachillae bits were inoculated in Y3 media supplemented ...with 2, 4-D (1 mg L-1). The cultures were incubated in dark for eight months and sub-cultured into the same media at monthly interval. The white shoot like outgrowths formed were sub cultured to ½ MS media fortified with 1 mg L-1 each of NAA and BAP and subsequently transferred to light condition. After three months, the emerging shoot likestructure was transferred to Y3 media fortified with NAA and BAP. Upon developing 3 - 4 leaves, the cultures were transferred to rooting media and root initiation was observed after two months. The transition of vegetative shoot to reproductive state was accompanied by some morphological changes including rapid emergence of long and thin leaves followed by emergence of pearly white inflorescence. Unlike normal inflorescence, the inflorescence emerged was terminal and was devoid of spathe. Prolonged subculture in the same media might have resulted in pH variation and subsequent reduction in organic and inorganicconstituents of the media. The chemical stress experienced by the plantlet might have induced in vitro flowering.
For three decades graffiti writers have marked the Olympic Festival freeway murals painted in celebration of the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles (LA). These high‐profile murals, which once ...symbolized LA's status as the ‘Mural Capital of the World', became palimpsests on which graffiti writers painted their monikers, perhaps unwittingly contributing to their eventual destruction. Local government, muralists and residents have bemoaned the murals' slow death, though have not been able to identify or understand the motives for such vandalism, interpreting it as ‘mindless', ‘animalistic' vandalism perpetrated by ‘kids' who simply lack respect. I argue that the burial of these murals under layers of paint must be understood in the context of competing claims made to public space. Relying on rare personal interviews with the graffiti writers who participated in their destruction, I answer the question ‘Why do graffiti writers write on murals?', while situating the birth and life of the Olympic murals within a larger historical discussion about Chicano/a mural making, urbanization, freeway construction, and the growth of the graffiti subculture in the United States' paradigmatic global city.
sp. strain PD653 was the first identified aerobic bacterium capable of mineralizing hexachlorobenzene (HCB). In this study, strain PD653-B2, which was unexpectedly isolated from a subculture of ...strain PD653, was found to lack the ability to transform HCB or pentachloronitrobenzene into pentachlorophenol. Comparative genome analysis of the two strains revealed that genetic rearrangement had occurred in strain PD653-B2, with a genomic region present in strain PD653 being deleted.
analysis allowed three open reading frames within this region to be identified as candidate genes involved in HCB dechlorination. Assays using recombinant
cells revealed that an operon is responsible for both oxidative HCB dechlorination and pentachloronitrobenzene denitration. The metabolite pentachlorophenol was detected in the cultures produced in the
assays. Significantly less HCB-degrading activity occurred in assays under oxygen-limited conditions (O
< 0.5 mg liter
) than under aerobic assays, suggesting that monooxygenase is involved in the reaction. In this operon,
was found to encode a monooxygenase involved in HCB dechlorination. This monooxygenase may form a complex with the flavin reductase encoded by
, increasing the HCB-degrading activity of PD653.
The organochlorine fungicide HCB is widely distributed in the environment. Bioremediation can effectively remove HCB from contaminated sites, but HCB-degrading microorganisms have been isolated in few studies and the genes involved in HCB degradation have not been identified. In this study, possible genes involved in the initial step of the mineralization of HCB by
sp. strain PD653 were identified. The results improve our understanding of the protein families involved in the dechlorination of HCB to give pentachlorophenol.
Police sub-culture is often portrayed as a pervasive, malign and potent influence on the behaviour of officers. The grounds for this portrayal are, however, insubstantial and appear to rely more upon ...the condemnatory potential of the concept than its explanatory power. This article reviews the literature on police sub-culture and concludes that what occurs in the canteen is expressive talk designed to give purpose and meaning to inherently problematic occupational experience. The canteen is an arena of action separate from the street, where in contrast to the latter officers act before an audience of their peers.
One of the factors that causes low productivity of potatoes in Lebanon is the limited availability of certified seeds. The aim of this study was to establish a rapid protocol for in vitro propagation ...and microtuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) of Spunta variety. Meristems culture associated to thermotherapy (one month/37°C) constituted the first step. The highest percentage of reactive meristem (92%) was observed on MS medium devoid of growth regulators while MS medium containing Kin 0.4 mg.l-1, GA3 0.5 mg.l-1 and IBA 0.5 mg.l-1 yielded the highest average number of shootlets (7.8) in the seventh subculture. The lowest number of days obtained for microtuber formation was 10 and the highest average number of microtuber (1.49) was obtained with shootlets incubated under C2 culture conditions (16-h day/8-h night for initial 7 days at 25±2°C; for remaining period: continuous dark at 17±2°C). Contrary the highest microtubers average length (10.75 mm), average width (7.41 mm) and average weight (646.26 mg) were produced under C1 culture conditions (16-h day/8-h night at 25±2°C). Medium supplemented with 5 mg.l-1 BAP and 6% sucrose presented the highest average number of microtubers of 2.36 and 1.94 respectively. Type and concentration of cytokines and sucrose concentration did not have significant effect on the average length, width and weight of microtubers produced.
Marginal People in Deviant Places revisits early- to mid-twentieth-century ethnographic studies, arguing that their focus on marginal subcultures—ranging from American hobos, to men who have sex with ...other men in St. Louis bathrooms, to hippies, to taxi dancers in Chicago, to elderly Jews in Venice, California—helped produce new ways of thinking about social difference more broadly in the United States. Irvine demonstrates how the social scientists who told the stories of these marginalized groups represented an early challenge to then-dominant narratives of scientific racism, prefiguring the academic fields of gender, ethnic, sexuality, and queer studies in key ways. In recounting the social histories of certain American outsiders, Irvine identifies an American paradox by which social differences are both despised and desired, and she describes the rise of an outsider capitalism that integrates difference into American society by marketing it.
In this article, I analyse Czech and Slovak fanzine-making during the transition from state socialism to post-socialism. The regime change ushered in new dominant forms of cultural production, and ...thus a situation emerged in which cultural hierarchies were being negotiated and new ways of collective action being formed. Fanzines played a crucial role in building up alternative communities in the new neoliberal system, when there was strong demand for Western subcultural styles and the need of safe space of domestic scenes. Independent publishing depends heavily upon that which it opposes, and when major social changes occur, fanzine-making provided a space for negotiating cultural hierarchies, resulting in specific ways in which fanzines help build and maintain alternative scenes.
Investigates the relationships between employees' perceptions of organisational culture and subculture, and job satisfaction and commitment. Questionnaires containing the above measures were ...distributed to nurses employed in seven large hospitals and a total of 251 responses were obtained. Measures of leadership style and employee demographics were also included in the questionnaire. Regression analysis was used to investigate the extent to which nurses' job satisfaction and commitment to their wards are predicted by their perceptions of the hospitals' cultures (or organisational culture), the cultures of their wards (or organisation subculture), the leadership styles of their ward managers, and several demographic characteristics including age, experience, education and job tenure. It was found that ward culture was more predictive of commitment than was hospital culture. Also, statistically controlling for job satisfaction did not substantially reduce the influence on commitment of any of the independent variables included in this study. The results suggest that managers may need to focus more on organizational subcultures in generating greater commitment among employees.
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