The study was aimed at the mass production of fungal mycelial biomass of Pleurotus eryngii with enhanced nutritional values through submerged cultivation techniques. Using one factor at a time ...(OFAT), both physical (Temperature, pH, and RPM) and chemical (carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and C/N ratio) parameters were studied in shake flasks and suitable conditions were selected for the production of the mycelial biomass. The optimized parameters were used for mass production of mushroom mycelia in 100 l fermenter. Further, the harvested mushroom mycelia were exposed to UV-B irradiation. The produced mycelial biomass has an enhanced level of micronutrients (Ca, Co & Fe) and vitamin D2 as compared to its fruiting bodies reported in the literature. The average % composition of ergosterol, protein, crude fat, total ash, moisture, carbohydrate, and crude fiber in dried mycelia was 0.251, 24.52, 6.78, 7.82, 4.86, 18.54 and 55.36 respectively. Vitamin D2 content increased to 320 μg/g from 4.53 μg/g. The mineral composition of Ca, P, K, Mg were 2273.4, 4114.5, 6951.4, and 917.3 μg/g while micro-elements Fe, Zn, Co, and Cu were found to be 79.34, 32.64, 10.09 and 1.12 μg/g respectively in dried mycelia.
•Mass production strategy for Pleurotus eryngii mycelia through submerged cultivation technique.•Synthesis of suitable media and studies on growth conditions for production of micronutrients enriched mycelial biomass.•Characterization of produced mushroom mycelia for its nutritional properties.•Improved nutritional properties of Pleurotus eryngii mycelia (vitamin D2 and minerals, i.e. Ca, Co and Fe).
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•Mushroom mycelium are considered as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.•Convenient to grow, more nutritious and therapeutically stronger.•Consists of bio actives such as ...Polysaccharides (especially β-glucans), terpenoids and sterols.•Applications as functional foods, commercial health products and flavoring agents.
Mushroom fruiting bodies have been used as food and food-flavouring materials for centuries for their unique and subtle flavour. However, the whole cycle from mycelium colonization to the fruit-body formation is time-consuming and involves extensive labour. Submerged cultivation of fungi can be a promising alternative for obtaining potent substances for successful utilization in the composition of functional foods. Submerged culture is a speedy process that yields quality mushroom mycelia, considering the alternative of cultivation that takes much more time to produce fruiting bodies. Moreover, the culturing of mycelia on synthetic media is a convenient approach to obtain fungal biomass. Presence of bioactive components in mushroom mycelium makes it an attractive ingredient that is now used as dietary supplements or nutraceuticals. This review focuses on the optimum growth conditions required by mycelia for enhanced quality and yield prospects along with the biological mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic properties and their applications.
Lentinus crinitus is an important basidiomycete consumed by ethnic groups from the Amazon, commonly found in decomposing trees with high lignolytic and antioxidant activities. Lithium is a mood ...stabilizer, antiepileptic, antipsychotic, and antidepressant used in clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate L. crinitus mycelial biomass bioaccumulated with lithium in liquid cultivation medium. The malt extract medium was added from zero to 100 mg L−1 lithium from two lithium sources (Li2CO3 and LiCl). The maximum mycelial biomass production was 7218.89 mg L−1 in the culture medium added with 5 mg L−1 lithium from LiCl. The highest lithium concentration in the mycelial biomass was of 574.72 μg g−1 produced in the culture medium with 25 mg L−1 lithium from Li2CO3. Pearson's correlation showed that Li2CO3 reduces the mycelial biomass and increases lithium bioaccumulation. The maximum translocated lithium from cultivation medium to mycelial biomass was up to 19 or 28% with LiCl or Li2CO3, respectively. Therefore, although Li2CO3 presents greater inhibition on the mycelial biomass production, it promoted greater lithium bioaccumulation in L. crinitus mycelial biomass and resulted in greater yield of lithium translocation. The equivalent daily dose of lithium for psychiatric treatment, without bioavailability studies, could be reached with 97.4 g lithium-enriched mycelial biomass and, based in the literature, for reduction of violence and criminality rates the amount could be reached with 0.24–0.58 mg. Thus, the development of lithium-enriched mycelial biomass could be an alternative functional food.
•Li2CO3 promoted greater inhibiting effect of L. crinitus mycelial biomass compared with LiCl.•Li2CO3 promoted greater bioocumulation of lithium in the mycelium when compared to LiCl.•The highest lithium bioaccumulation was of 574.72 μg g−1 of lithium in the culture medium added with lithium from Li2CO3•This lithium bioaccumulated is 300 times than dose necessary for reduction of violence rates•The association of Li2CO3 with mycelial biomass contribute to broaden the positive effects of this food.
Here, we investigated process engineering strategies to improve the biological solubilization of K-feldspar, a low-reactivity potassium mineral, aiming to obtain a green K-fertilizer for agricultural ...applications. The results using submerged cultivation of Aspergillus niger showed that the biological K-solubilization of pristine K-feldspar rock released up to 15.87% (reaching 220 mg L−1 after 3 days) when using 5% glucose as carbon source and initial pH 4, without a preculture step. Besides medium acidification, the microorganism-mineral physical interaction played a key role in promoting K-solubilization. Furthermore, prior mechanical activation of the K-feldspar led to substantial increases of up to 172% in K release (reaching 326.86 mg L−1), compared to the original mineral, and reduced the K-solubilization cultivation time to only 24 h. The results demonstrated the potential of integrating mechanical activation with biological solubilization to advance on the use of low-solubility potassium minerals as K-fertilizers, thus contributing to a more sustainable agriculture.
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•A green K-fertilizer was obtained from a low-reactivity potassium mineral.•Bioprocess engineering strategies improved solubilization of K-feldspar.•Physical interaction between microorganism and mineral potentiated K-release.•Mechanical activation resulted in a remarkable increase of K-released.•The strategies contribute to future developments in sustainable agriculture.
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•Marasmiellus palmivorus VE111 is an excellent laccase secretor.•Carbon and nitrogen sources influence the production of ligninolytic enzymes.•Glucose and casein were shown to be the ...best sources for ligninolytic enzymes.•Lower glucose concentrations provided higher laccase activity.•Laccase production showed enzymatic kinetics associated with growth.
The present work was carried out to determine the best sources and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in the production of laccases, total peroxidases and manganese peroxidase by Marasmiellus palmivorus VE111. Among the carbon and nitrogen sources used, the combination of glucose and casein led to higher production of laccases (5134 U/mL), total peroxidases (187 U/mL) and manganese peroxidase (57 U/mL). Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to determine the optimum concentrations of glucose and casein to produce enzymes. The experiments with better results were scaled up in a 5 L bioreactor. It was verified that lower concentrations of glucose (5 and 10 g/L) stimulated higher activity of total peroxidases (1285 U/mL) and laccases (3420 U/mL), respectively, while a higher concentration of glucose (30 g/L) favoured the production of manganese peroxidase (59 U/mL). These data indicate high performance of M. palmivorus VE111 in the production of ligninolytic enzymes.
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•Feather hydrolysates were produced by submerged cultivation with keratinolytic bacteria.•Hydrolysates exhibited radical-scavenging, Fe2+-chelation and reducing power.•Hydrolysates ...also exhibited antidiabetic and antihypertensive potentials in vitro.•Hydrolysates produced by Bacillus sp. CL18 displayed the best enhanced bioactivities.•Bioconversion of recalcitrant feathers is promising to obtain bioactive hydrolysates.
Feathers are recalcitrant protein-rich by-products generated by the poultry agro-industry, and valorization of residual biomasses from industrial processing is increasingly focused. Three feather-degrading Bacillus strains (CL18, CL33A, CL14) were used to convert feathers into feather hydrolysates (FH) during submerged cultivations, and the in vitro bioactivities of FHs were assessed. In feather broth (10 g/L feathers), Bacillus sp. CL18 degraded feathers more efficiently and the resulting FHs displayed enhanced antioxidant activities. With increasing feather concentrations, soluble protein was higher (9.02 mg/mL) after five days of cultivation with Bacillus sp. CL18 on feather broth containing 40 g/L feathers. This FH displayed antioxidant activities, as evaluated through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical-scavenging assays (34.7% and 80.3%, respectively), Fe2+-chelating ability (80.6%), and reducing power (0.518 Abs700). In vitro antihypertensive and antidiabetic activities of FH were demonstrated through inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE; 89.7%) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP IV; 95.7%) activities, respectively. Half-maximal effective/inhibitory concentrations of FH were 5.39, 15.12, 10.50, 1.61 and 1.52 mg/mL in the ABTS, DPPH, Fe2+-chelating, ACE- and DPP IV-inhibitory assays, respectively. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and antihypertensive potentials of FHs indicate microbial conversion as a suitable eco-friendly technology for feathers reclamation and valorization within the biorefinery concept.
Kefiran is a water soluble polysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ATCC 43761. It has wide potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. To the best of ...our knowledge, there have been no previous reports on the effect of osmotic stress and ionic surfactants on kefiran production by L. kefiranofaciens ATCC 43761. Accordingly, the current work aimed at optimizing kefiran production as affected by osmotic stress and nonionic surfactants in submerged cultivation system. Afterwards, the work was extended to investigate cytotoxic as well as antioxidant potentials of kefiran. Firstly, different osmolarities, different ionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween 20, Tween 80) as well as their concentrations and addition time were evaluated. The kinetics of cell growth and kefiran production were evaluated before and after the addition of surfactants. Results clearly demonstrated that osmotic stress and surfactant addition had a stimulatory effect on kefiran production. Using the optimal medium osmolality, 550 mOsmol.kg−1, kefiran production was enhanced from 1.29 to about 1.38 g.L−1. Furthermore, Triton X-100 was found to be the best surfactant stimulating kefiran production when added at a concentration of 1.0 g.L−1 at the onset of cultivation process (0 h). This increased kefiran production from 1.38 g.L−1 to 1.62 g.L−1. To summarize, the maximal kefiran production can be enhanced using 550 mOsmol.kg−1 and by adding 1.0 g.L−1 of Triton X-100 at 0 h. The new optimized medium showed an increase of about 25.6% in kefiran production (1.29 up to 1.62 g.L−1). After this step, the process was further optimized in 16-L stirred tank bioreactor. Maximal kefiran production reached 2.32 g.L−1 and 1.87 g.L−1 in bioreactor under control and un-controlled pH conditions, respectively, corresponding to 72.9 and 45.0% increase from the initial production titer, respectively. The produced kefiran exhibited promising anticancer activity against breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, with an IC50 value of 193.89 μg.mL−1. Also, kefiran showed 96.58% radical scavenging activity at 100 μg/mL, with an ED50 recorded of 12.29 ± 0.98 μg.mL−1.
This work deals with the submerged cultivation, extraction and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Lentinus crinitus. The fungus was isolated from a tropical forest (Antioquia, Colombia), ...cultivated in laboratory conditions, and classified by classical and molecular taxonomy. Then, it was cultivated in a bioreactor of 5 L using a ligninolytic residue as substrate. The fermentation conditions were 30 ± 1 °C, pH 4.5, 300 rpm and 1.5 vvm for 4 days. The yields of fermentation were 20 g/L of biomass. After extraction, 0.65 g/L of water-soluble exopolysaccharide (LEPS) and 3.3 mg/100 g of water-soluble intrapolysaccharide (LIPS) were obtained. In each extract total carbohydrate, glucans and protein contents were determined. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), high performance liquid chromatography with refraction index detection (HPLC-RI) and high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) analysis for characterization were performed. The antitumor activity was evaluated and polysaccharides not only showed anti-proliferative activity in breast cancer cells but also they activate J774 macrophages as evidenced by the increase of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α (inducers of tumor cell apoptosis). Our findings suggest that polysaccharides can activate macrophages to release nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which directly blocks cancer cell growth. These findings enhance our knowledge about new sources of fungal metabolites that serve as coadjuvant, cheap and less harmful alternatives to cancer treatment.
Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the main solid by-product of the brewing sector. High moisture and nutrient-rich content render BSG easily perishable, leading to waste generation and environmental ...impacts. BSG has narrow applications in both feed and food sectors due to its composition including high fiber and low protein. Therefore, a processing strategy leading to the nutritional valorization of BSG could widen its applications. In this study, submerged cultivation of edible filamentous fungi (Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia, and Rhizopus delemar) was introduced as a strategy to enhance the protein content of BSG. The growth of all strains in BSG increased the protein content of the fermented BSG. The highest increase of protein content (from 22.6% to 34.6%), was obtained by cultivation using A. oryzae and medium supplementation. The protein content increase was followed by a decrease in the content of polysaccharides (up to ca. 50%), namely starch, glucan, xylan, and arabinan. The addition of cellulase resulted in enhanced ethanol production from BSG but led to lower concentration of recovered solids. In conclusion, simple processing of BSG using edible filamentous fungi can lead to quality improvement of BSG, providing potential economic and environmental benefits to the brewing sector.
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